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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 3 2019</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 3 2019&#13;
Clinical Characteristics of Disability in Patients with Indoor AireRelated Environmental Intolerance (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Building-related intolerance, Disability evaluation, Environmental intolerance, Functional somatic syndromes, Indoor air</text>
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                <text>Background: Chronic nonspecific symptoms attributed to indoor nonindustrial work environments are common and may cause disability, but the medical nature of this disability is unclear. The aim was to medically characterize the disability manifested by chronic, recurrent symptoms and restrictions to work participation attributed to low-level indoor pollutants at workplace and whether the condition shares features with idiopathic environmental intolerance.&#13;
Methods: We investigated 12 patients with indoor airerelated work disability. The examinations&#13;
included somatic, psychological, and psychiatric evaluations as well as investigations of the autonomic nervous system, cortisol measurements, lung function, and allergy tests. We evaluated well-being, health, disability, insomnia, pain, anxiety, depression, and burnout via questionnaires.&#13;
Results: The mean symptom history was 10.5 years; for disabling symptoms, 2.7 years. Eleven patients&#13;
reported reactions triggered mainly by indoor molds, one by fragrances only. Ten reported sensitivity to odorous chemicals, and three, electric devices. Nearly all had co-occurrent somatic and psychiatric diagnoses and signs of pain, insomnia, burnout, and/or elevated sympathetic responses. Avoiding certain environments had led to restrictions in several life areas. On self-assessment scales, disability showed higher severity and anxiety showed lower severity than in physician assessments. &#13;
Conclusion: No medical cause was found to explain the disability. Findings support that the condition is a form of idiopathic environmental intolerance and belongs to functional somatic syndromes. Instead of&#13;
endless avoidance, rehabilitation approaches of functional somatic syndromes are applicable.</text>
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                <text>Aki Vuokko, Kirsi Karvala, Hille Suojalehto, Harri Lindholm, Sanna Selinheimo, Marja Heinonen-Guzejev, Sami Leppämäki, Sebastian Cederström, Christer Hublin, Katinka Tuisku, Markku Sainio</text>
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                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 3 2019</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 3 2019&#13;
Injury Fear, Stigma, and Reporting in Professional Dancers (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Professional dance is a physically demanding career path with a high injury prevalence, yet an ingrained culture of hiding or pushing through injuries. Developing better knowledge surrounding the cultural beliefs and behaviors related to injury reporting is critical to understand their incidence and burden. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate injury fear and injury reporting behaviors in professional dancers in Australia.&#13;
Methods: This study utilized data collected in a cross-sectional survey of professional dancers in&#13;
Australia. Descriptive analysis of injury fear and reporting stigma are presented with comparisons between subgroups (full-time versus part-time dancers; men versus women) conducted using two-sided Fisher’s exact tests.&#13;
Results: A total of 146 professional dancers were included. Over half (63%) of the respondents reported that they fear sustaining a dance-related injury, that they believe there is still a stigma surrounding injuries in dance (62%), and that this stigma has led to a delay in reporting or seeking care for an injury (51%). A lower proportion of part-time than full-time dancers reported that they would usually tell someone within their dance employment about an injury (35.1% vs. 59.6%, p 1⁄4 0.006).&#13;
Conclusion: Professional dancers are at risk of losing contracts or roles if they are injured, and therefore, it is common to dance through their occurrence. Many dancers, particularly those dancing part-time, are unwilling to tell their employers about their injuries. Action is required to improve this culture regarding injury reporting and help seeking for more effective injury understanding, prevention, and management&#13;
in dance. </text>
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                <text>Amy J. Vassallo, Evangelos Pappas, Emmanuel Stamatakis, Claire E. Hiller</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 3 2019</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 3 2019&#13;
Controlling Painters’ Exposure to Volatile Organic Solvents in the Automotive Sector of Southern Colombia (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Car painters, Concentration in environment, Control of exposure, Organic solvents</text>
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                <text>Background: Painters in the automotive sector are routinely exposed to volatile organic solvents, and the levels vary depending on the occupational health and safety controls enforced at the companies. This study investigates the levels of exposure to organic vapors and the existence of controls in the formal economy sector in southern Colombia.&#13;
Methods: This is an exploratory study of an observational and descriptive character. An analysis of solvents is conducted via the personal sampling of painters and the analysis of samples using the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 1501 method. The amount of solvents analyzed varied according to the budget allocated by the companies. The person in charge of the occupational safety and health management system was interviewed to learn about the exposure controls implemented at the companies.&#13;
Results: A medium exposure risk for toluene was found in one company. Another presented medium risk for carbon tetrachloride, xylene, ethylbenzene, and n-butanol. The others showed low risk of exposure and that the controls implemented were not sufficient or efficient.&#13;
Conclusion: These results shed light on the working conditions of these tradespeople. The permissible&#13;
limits established by Colombian regulations for the evaluated chemical contaminants were not exceeded. However, there were contaminants that exceeded the limits of action. The analysis of findings made it possible to propose improvements in occupational safety and health management systems to allow the optimization of working conditions for painters, prevent the occurrence of occupational diseases, and reduce costs to the country’s health system.</text>
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                <text>Belky P. Castaño, Vladimir Ramírez, Julio A. Cancelado</text>
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                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 3 2019</text>
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        <name>Jurnal Internasional Keperawatan</name>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 3 2019&#13;
The Interaction of Cognitive Interference, Standing Surface, and Fatigue on Lower Extremity Muscle Activity (Original Article)</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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                <text>Anti-fatigue, Dual-task, Postural control, Standing surface</text>
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                <text>Background: Performing cognitive tasks and muscular fatigue have been shown to increase muscle activity of the lower extremity during quiet standing. A common intervention to reduce muscular fatigue is to provide a softer shoe-surface interface. However, little is known regarding how muscle activity is affected by softer shoe-surface interfaces during static standing. The purpose of this study was to assess lower extremity muscular activity during erect standing on three different standing surfaces, before and after an acute workload and during cognitive tasks.&#13;
Methods: Surface electromyography was collected on ankle dorsiflexors and plantarflexors, and knee&#13;
flexors and extensors of fifteen male participants. Dependent electromyography variables of mean, peak, root mean square, and cocontraction index were calculated and analyzed with a 2  2  3 within-&#13;
subject repeated measures analysis of variance.&#13;
Results: Pre-workload muscle activity did not differ between surfaces and cognitive task conditions.&#13;
However, greater muscle activity during post-workload balance assessment was found, specifically during the cognitive task. Cognitive task errors did not differ between surface and workload.&#13;
Conclusions: The cognitive task after workload increased lower extremity muscular activity compared to quite standing, irrespective of the surface condition, suggesting an increased demand was placed on the postural control system as the result of both fatigue and cognitive task.</text>
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                <text>Christopher M. Hill, Hunter DeBusk, Jeffrey D. Simpson, Brandon L. Miller, Adam C. Knight, John C. Garner, Chip Wade, Harish Chander</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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An Instrumented Workstation to Evaluate Weight-Bearing Distribution in the Sitting Posture (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Sitting posture may be related to risk factors, including inadequate weight-bearing support, particularly when maintained for long periods. Considering that body weight is loaded in a closed support system composed of the seat, backrest, floor and working surface, the aims of the present study were to describe the development of an ergonomic sitting workstation to continuously record weight-bearing at the seat, chair, backrest, work surface, and floor and to test its measurement properties: reproducibility, criterion-related validity, and sensitivity.&#13;
Methods: Rigid bodies (1 to 30 kg) and participant weights were recorded to evaluate the workstation&#13;
measurement properties.&#13;
Results: Rigid body tests showed variation values less than 0.050 kg on reproducibility test and errors&#13;
below 5% of measured value on criterion validity tests. Participant tests showed no statistically significant differences between repeated measures (p  0.40), errors were less than 2% of participant weights and sensitivity presented statistically significant changes (p 1⁄4 0.007).&#13;
Conclusion: The sitting workstation proposed showed to be reliable, valid and sensitive for use in future ergonomic studies to evaluate the sitting posture.</text>
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                <text>Cristiane S. Moriguchi, Tatiana O. Sato, Helenice J.C.G. Coury</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 3 2019</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 3 2019&#13;
Occupational Characteristics of Semiconductor Workers with Cancer and Rare Diseases Registered with a Workers’ Compensation Program in Korea (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Chip assembly, Etching, Fabrication, Leukemia, Semiconductor operation</text>
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                <text>Background: The aim of this study was to describe the types of diseases that developed in semiconductor workers who have registered with the Korea Workers’ Compensation and Welfare Service (KWCWS) and to identify potential common occupational characteristics by the type of claimed disease.&#13;
Methods: A total of 55 semiconductor workers with cancer or rare diseases who claimed to the KWCWS were compared based on their work characteristics and types of claimed diseases. Leukemia, non- Hodgkin lymphoma, and aplastic anemia were grouped into lymphohematopoietic (LHP) disorder. Results: Leukemia (n 1⁄4 14) and breast cancer (n 1⁄4 10) were the most common complaints, followed by brain cancer (n 1⁄4 6), aplastic anemia (n 1⁄4 6), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (n 1⁄4 4). LHP disorders (n 1⁄4 24) accounted for 43%. Sixty percent (n 1⁄4 33) of registered workers (n 1⁄4 55) were found to have been employed before 2000. Seventy-six percent (n 1⁄4 42) of registered workers and 79% (n 1⁄4 19) among the registered workers with LHP (n 1⁄4 24) were found to be diagnosed at a relatively young age, 40 years. A total of 18 workers among the registered semiconductor workers were finally determined to deserve compensation for occupational disease by either the KWCWS (n 1⁄4 10) or the administrative court (n 1⁄4 8). Eleven fabrication workers who were compensated responded as having handled wafers smaller than eight inches in size. Eight among the 18 workers compensated (44 %) were found to have ever worked at etching operations.&#13;
Conclusion: The distribution of cancer and rare diseases among registered semiconductor workers was closely related to the manufacturing era before 2005, 8 inches of wafer size handled, exposure to clean rooms of fabrication and chip assembly operations, and etching operations. </text>
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                <text>Dong-Uk Park, Sangjun Choi, Seunghee Lee, Dong-Hee Koh, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Kyong-Hui Lee, Jihoon Park </text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 3 2019</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 3 2019&#13;
Effect of Workload on Job Stress of Ghanaian OPD Nurses: The Role of Coworker Support (Original Article)</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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                <text>Background: Although the concept of workload is important to nursing practice, only a few nursing&#13;
researchers have focused on the issue of workload within the nursing context. Knowledge of how the&#13;
dynamics of workload affects the job stress of nurses working in a specific unit or department in a&#13;
hospital setting, and the influence of coworker support on this relationship, still remains limited. This study, therefore examined the effect of workload on job stress of Ghanaian outpatient department nurses and the moderating effect of coworker support on this relationship.&#13;
Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was used, and questionnaire was used to collect data from a&#13;
sample of 216 outpatient department nurses from four major hospitals in Ghana. The data collected&#13;
measured workload, job stress, and coworker support using National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Task Load Index, job stress scale, and coworker support scale, respectively. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and hierarchical regression.&#13;
Results: High levels of workload were associated with high levels of job stress of the nurses. Also, higher levels of workload were related to higher levels of job stress for nurses who received high levels of coworker support, but this was not the case for those who received low levels of coworker support (reserve buffering effect).&#13;
Conclusion: The finding reiterates the adverse effect of workloads on employees’ health, and the reverse buffering effect implies that supporting a colleague at work should be conveyed in a positive manner devoid of negative appraisal.</text>
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                <text>Emmanuel Kokoroko , Mohammed A. Sanda</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 3 2019</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 3 2019&#13;
Screening of Workers with Presumed Occupational Methanol Poisoning: The Applicablility of a National Active Occupational Disease Surveillance System (Original Article)</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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                <text>Dispatched workers, Methyl alcohol, Mobile phone, Occupational disease surveillance system, Visual disturbance</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Background: Methyl alcohol poisoning in mobile phoneemanufacturing factories during 2015e2016 was caused by methyl alcohol use for cleaning in computerized numerical control (CNC) processes. To determine whether there were health complications in other workers involved in similar processes, the Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute conducted a survey.&#13;
Methods: We established a national active surveillance system by collaborating with the Ministry of Employment and Labor and National Health Insurance Service. Employment and national health insurance data were used. Overall, 12,048 employees of major domestic mobile phone companies and CNC process dispatch workers were surveyed from 2016 to 2017. We investigated methyl alcohol poisoning by using the national health insurance data. Questionnaires were used to investigate diseases due to methyl alcohol poisoning.&#13;
Results: Overall, 24.9% of dispatched workers were employed in at least five companies, and 23.9% of&#13;
dispatched workers had missing employment insurance history data. The prevalence of blindness&#13;
including visual impairment, optic neuritis, visual disturbances, and alcohol toxicity in the study par-&#13;
ticipants was higher than that reported in the national health insurance database (0.02%, 0.07%, 0.23%, and 0.03% versus 0.01%, 0.07%, 0.13%, and 0.01%, respectively, in 2015). Moreover, 430 suspicious workers were identified; 415 of these provided an address and phone number, of whom 48 responded (response rate, 11.6%). Among the 48 workers, 10 had diseases at the time of the survey, of whom 3 workers were believed to have diseases related to methyl alcohol exposure.&#13;
Conclusion: This study revealed that active surveillance data can be used to assess health problems related to methyl alcohol poisoning in CNC processes and dispatch workers.</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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In Search of a Performing Seal: Rethinking the Design of Tight-Fitting Respiratory Protective Equipment Facepieces for Users With Facial Hair (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Air-purifying, tight-fitting facepieces are examples of respiratory protective equipment and are worn to protect workers from potentially harmful particulate and vapors. Research shows that the presence of facial hair on users’ face significantly reduces the efficacy of these devices. This article sets out to establish if an acceptable seal could be achieved between facial hair and the facepiece. The team also created and investigated a low-cost “pressure testing” method for assessing the efficacy of a seal to be used during the early design process for a facepiece designed to overcome the facial hair issue.&#13;
Methods: Nine new designs for face mask seals were prototyped as flat samples. A researcher developed a test rig, and a test protocol was used to evaluate the efficacy of the new seal designs against facial hair. Six of the seal designs were also tested using a version of the conventional fit test. The results were compared with those of the researcher-developed test to look for a correlation between the two test methods.&#13;
Results: None of the seals performed any better against facial hair than a typical, commercially available facepiece. The pressure testing method devised by the researchers performed well but was not as robust as the fit factor testing.&#13;
Conclusion: The results show that sealing against facial hair is extremely problematic unless an excessive force is applied to the facepiece’s seal area pushing it against the face. The means of pressure testing devised by the researchers could be seen as a low-cost technique to be used at the early stages of a the design process, before fit testing is viable.</text>
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                <text>James Meadwell, Lee Paxman-Clarke, David Terris , Peter Ford</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 3 2019</text>
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From Workers to the Working-Age Population: A New Paradigm for the Occupational Health Service (Editorial)</text>
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                <text>The health of workers is determined by several factors: the working environment such as the traditional and newly emerging occupational health risks; health-related behavior such as lifestyle;&#13;
social factors such as employment status, stability of work, income or inequities associated with gender, race, and age; and access to (occupational or general) health-care services [1]. Health risks in&#13;
the workplace, such as heat, noise, dust, hazardous chemicals, biological or ergonomic hazards, unsafe machines and psychological stress, may cause occupational or work-related diseases and can&#13;
aggravate other health problems. Social inequality and unequal access to health-care services significantly influence workers’ health. Health-related behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, lack of exercise, and unhealthy diet are major risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as degenerative arthritis, car-&#13;
diovascular diseases, and cancer. In addition, low-birth rates and the rapidly aging population have led to increasing numbers of elderly workers. Thus, NCDs have been major factors that negatively impact work ability, threatening the sustainability of employment in the working population.</text>
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                <text>Jungsun Park, Yangho Kim</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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