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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019&#13;
Worker Safety in the Rare Earth Elements Recycling Process From the Review of Toxicity and Issues (Review Article)</text>
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                <text>Hazard/risk, Occupational safety and health, Rare earths, Recycling, Toxicity</text>
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                <text>Although the rare earth elements (REEs) recycling industry is expected to increase worldwide in high-&#13;
tech industry, regulations for worker safety have yet to be established. This study was conducted to&#13;
understand the potential hazard/risk of REE recycling and to support the establishment of regulations or standards. We review the extensive literature on the toxicology, occupational safety, and health issues, and epidemiological surveys related to the REEs, and propose suitable management measures. REE recycling has four key steps such as collection, dismantling, separation, and processing. In these processes, hazardous substances, such as REEs-containing dust, metals, and chemicals, were used or occurred, including the risk of ignition and explosion, and the workers can be easily exposed to them. In addition, skin irritation and toxicities for respiratory, nervous, and cardiovascular systems with the liver toxicity were reported; however, more supplementary data are needed, owing to incompleteness. Therefore, monitoring systems concerning health, environmental impacts, and safety need to be established, based on additional research studies. It is also necessary to develop innovative and environment-friendly recycling technologies, analytical methods, and biomarkers with government support. Through these efforts, the occupational safety and health status will be improved, along with the establishment of advanced REE recycling industry. </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19693">
                <text>Seo-Ho Shin, Hyun-Ock Kim, Kyung-Taek Rim</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>December 2019</text>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>English</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019</text>
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        <name>Hazard/risk</name>
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      <tag tagId="2017">
        <name>Jurnal Internasional Keperawatan</name>
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      <tag tagId="3289">
        <name>Occupational safety and health</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="3290">
        <name>Rare earths</name>
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      <tag tagId="3291">
        <name>Recycling</name>
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        <name>Toxicity</name>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019&#13;
The Third Version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (Original Article)</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19680">
                <text>Psychosocial risk factors, Psychosocial working conditions, Risk assessment</text>
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                <text>Introduction: A new third version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ III) has been developed in response to trends in working life, theoretical concepts, and international experience. A key component of the COPSOQ III is a defined set of mandatory core items to be included in national short, middle, and long versions of the questionnaire. The aim of the present article is to present and test the reliability of the new international middle version of the COPSOQ III.&#13;
Methods: The questionnaire was tested among 23,361 employees during 2016e2017 in Canada, Spain, France, Germany, Sweden, and Turkey. A total of 26 dimensions (measured through scales or single&#13;
items) of the middle version and two from the long version were tested. Psychometric properties of the&#13;
dimensions were assessed regarding reliability (Cronbach a), ceiling and floor effects (fractions with&#13;
extreme answers), and distinctiveness (correlations with other dimensions).&#13;
Results: Most international middle dimensions had satisfactory reliability in most countries, though&#13;
some ceiling and floor effects were present. Dimensions with missing values were rare. Most dimensions had low to medium intercorrelations.&#13;
Conclusions: The COPSOQ III offers reliable and distinct measures of a wide range of psychosocial di-&#13;
mensions of modern working life in different countries; although a few measures could be improved. Future testing should focus on validation of the COPSOQ items and dimensions using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Such investigations would enhance the basis for recommendations using the COPSOQ III.</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Hermann Burr, Hanne Berthelsen, Salvador Moncada, Matthias Nübling, Emilie Dupret, Yucel Demiral, John Oudyk, Tage S. Kristensen, Clara Llorens, Albert Navarro, Hans-Joachim Lincke, Christine Bocéréan, Ceyda Sahan, Peter Smith, Anne Pohrt, on behalf of the international COPSOQ Network </text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19683">
                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>December 2019</text>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19685">
                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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          <element elementId="42">
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              <elementText elementTextId="19686">
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>English</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19689">
                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019</text>
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    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="2017">
        <name>Jurnal Internasional Keperawatan</name>
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      <tag tagId="3293">
        <name>Psychosocial risk factors</name>
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      <tag tagId="3294">
        <name>Psychosocial working conditions</name>
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      <tag tagId="71">
        <name>Risk assessment</name>
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                <elementText elementTextId="19523">
                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019</text>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19668">
                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019&#13;
The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on Occupational Health and Safety, Worker's Compensation and Labor Conditions (Review Article)</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19669">
                <text>Fourth industrial revolution, Occupational health and safety, Workers' compensation, Workers' health</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The “fourth industrial revolution” (FIR) is an age of advanced technology based on information and&#13;
communication. FIR has a more powerful impact on the economy than in the past. However, the pros-&#13;
pects for the labor environment are uncertain. The purpose of this study is to anticipate and prepare for occupational health and safety (OHS) issues.&#13;
In FIR, nonstandard employment will be common. As a result, it is difficult to receive OHS services and&#13;
compensation. Excessive trust in new technologies can lead to large-scale or new forms of accidents.&#13;
Global business networks will cause destruction of workers' biorhythms, some cancers, overwork, and&#13;
task complexity. The social disconnection because of an independent work will be a risk for worker's&#13;
mental health. The union bonds will weaken, and it will be difficult to apply standardized OHS regu-&#13;
lations to multinational enterprises.&#13;
To cope with the new OHS issues, we need to establish new concepts of "decent work” and standardize regulations, which apply to enterprises in each country, develop public health as an OHS service, monitor emerging OHS events and networks among independent workers, and nurture experts who are responsible for new OHS issues.</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19671">
                <text>Jeehee Min, Yangwoo Kim, Sujin Lee, Tae-Won Jang, Inah Kim, Jaechul Song</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19672">
                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19673">
                <text>December 2019</text>
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          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19674">
                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19675">
                <text>PDF</text>
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          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19676">
                <text>English</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19678">
                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019</text>
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    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="3295">
        <name>Fourth industrial revolution</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="2017">
        <name>Jurnal Internasional Keperawatan</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="3094">
        <name>Occupational health and safety</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="3296">
        <name>Workers' compensation</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="3297">
        <name>Workers' health</name>
      </tag>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="19523">
                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019</text>
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    <itemType itemTypeId="1">
      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19657">
                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019&#13;
The Effects of Workplace Rest Breaks on Health Problems Related to Long Working Hours and Shift Work among Male Apartment Janitors in Korea (Original Article)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19658">
                <text>Microbreak, Night work, Security officer, Work hours, Working condition</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Background: Rest breaks at work are reported to reduce fatigue and job stress. Apartment janitors in&#13;
Korea who perform night shift work and work long hours can be exposed to various health problems&#13;
(HPs). However, few studies have evaluated relationships between their rest breaks and HPs. This study was conducted to examine the relationships between long working hours, shift work, and insufficient rest breaks and HPs among Korean apartment janitors.&#13;
Methods: Data on 1,212 selected male apartment janitors were obtained from the 3rd and 4th Korean&#13;
Working Conditions Surveys. Demographic and occupational characteristics were collected using self-reported questionnaires. Rest breaks at work were classified as “sufficient” or “insufficient.” Long&#13;
working hours were considered as working more than 60 hours per week. Zero-inflated negative&#13;
binomial (ZINB) regression was performed to investigate the effects of shift work and long working hours on HPs and the effects of rest breaks on relationships between HPs and long working hours and shift work.&#13;
Results: Among those with insufficient rest breaks at work, significant associations were found between long working hours and the risk of HPs [odds ratio (OR) 1⁄4 1.489; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1⁄4 1.038 e2.136] and work-related HPs (WRHPs) [OR 1.621; 95% CI 1⁄4 1.156e2.272], and between shift work and HPs [OR 1⁄4 1.603; 95% CI 1⁄4 1.084e2.372]. These relationships became nonsignificant when sufficient rest breaks were provided.&#13;
Conclusion: It is important to provide breaks at work to reduce HPs because of long working hours and shift work among aged workers such as apartment janitors.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19660">
                <text>Sungjin Park, June-Hee Lee, Wanhyung Lee</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19661">
                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19662">
                <text>December 2019</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019&#13;
Risk Assessment for Metalworking Fluids and Respiratory Outcomes (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are mixtures with inhalation exposures as mists, dusts, and vapors, and dermal exposure in the dispersed and bulk liquid phase. A quantitative risk assessment was performed for exposure to MWF and respiratory disease.&#13;
Methods: Risks associated with MWF were derived from published studies and NIOSH Health Hazard&#13;
Evaluations, and lifetime risks were calculated. The outcomes analyzed included adult onset asthma,&#13;
hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pulmonary function impairment, and reported symptoms. Incidence rates were compiled or estimated, and annual proportional loss of respiratory capacity was derived from cross-sectional assessments.&#13;
Results: A strong healthy worker survivor effect was present. New-onset asthma and hypersensi-&#13;
tivity pneumonitis, at 0.1 mg/m3 MWF under continuous outbreak conditions, had a lifetime risk&#13;
of 45%; if the associated microbiological conditions occur with only 5% prevalence, then the lifetime risk would be about 3%. At 0.1 mg/m3 , the estimate of excess lifetime risk of attributable pulmonary impairment was 0.25%, which may have been underestimated by a factor of 5 or more by a strong healthy worker survivor effect. The symptom prevalence associated with respiratory impairment at 0.1 mg/m3 MWF was estimated to be 5% (published studies) and 21% (Health Hazard&#13;
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Conclusion: Significant risks of impairment and chronic disease occurred at 0.1 mg/m3 for MWFs in use mostly before 2000. Evolving MWFs contain new ingredients with uncharacterized long-term hazards. </text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019&#13;
Relationship of Occupational Category With Risk of Physical and Mental Health Problems (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Objectives: We evaluated the physical and mental health problems of waged workers in Korea who had different classes of occupation.&#13;
Methods: We used data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007e2017) to examine 22,788 workers who were waged employees and categorized these workers into 5 occupational classes.&#13;
Results: “Unskilled manual workers” were more likely to be older, less educated, have lower monthly&#13;
income, and work fewer hours per week. Among men and relative to “managers and professionals”&#13;
(reference group), “skilled manual workers” were more likely to have physician-diagnosed osteoarthritis, “clerks” were less likely to report suicidal ideation, and “unskilled manual workers” were more likely to report suicidal ideation. Among women and relative to “managers and professionals” (reference group), “service and sales workers” and “unskilled manual workers” were more likely to report physician-diagnosed osteoarthritis, depressive feelings, and suicidal ideation. However, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases did not differ among the occupational classes for men and&#13;
women.&#13;
Conclusion: We identified differences between men and women and among those in different occupa-&#13;
tional classes regarding employment status, physical health, and mental health. “Unskilled manual workers” of both genders were more likely to be older, less educated, have less monthly income, work fewer hours per week, and have suicidal ideation. Female “service and sales workers” were more likely to have osteoarthritis, depressive feelings, and suicidal ideation. </text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019&#13;
Prevention of Occupational Diseases in Turkey: Deriving Lessons From Journey of Surveillance (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Intersectoral collaboration, Occupational diseases, Occupational health, Prevention, Worker’s health surveillance</text>
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                <text>Introduction: To prevent and manage the societal and economic burden of occupational diseases (ODs), countries should develop strong prevention policies, health surveillance and registry systems. This study aims to contribute to the improvement of OD surveillance at national level as well as to identify priority actions in Turkey.&#13;
Methods: The history and current status of occupational health studies were considered from the perspective of OD surveillance. Interpretative research was done through literature review on occupational health at national, regional and international level. Analyses were focused on countries’ experiences in policy development and practice, roles and responsibilities of institutions, multidisciplinary and intersectoral collaboration. OD surveillance models of Turkey, Belgium and the Netherlands were examined through exchange visits. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to explore the peculiarities of legislative and institutional structures, the best and worst practices, and approach principles.&#13;
Results: Some countries are more focused on exploring OD trends through effective and cost-efficient researches, with particular attention to new and emerging ODs. Other countries try to reach every single case of OD for compensation and rehabilitation. Each practice has advantages and shortcomings, but they are not mutually exclusive, and thus an effective combination is possible.&#13;
Conclusion: Effective surveillance and registry approaches play a key role in the prevention of ODs. A well-designed system enables monitoring and assessment of OD prevalence and trends, and adoption of preventive measures while improving the effectiveness of redressing and compensation. A robust surveillance does not only provide protection of workers’ health but also advances prevention of economic losses.</text>
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                <text>Seyhan Sen, Gülsen Barlas, Selçuk Yakıstıran, IlknurG. Derin, Berna A. Serifi, Ahmet Özlü, Lutgart Braeckman, Gert van der Laan , Frank van Dijk </text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019&#13;
Occupational Exposure to Potentially Infectious Biological Material Among Physicians, Dentists, and Nurses at a University (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Accidents at work, Compliance to standard precautions, Incidence, Needle stick injuries, Prevalence</text>
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                <text>Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and incidence of accidents with biological material, the level of knowledge, and compliance to standard precautions (SPs) among&#13;
dentists, physicians, nurses, and dental and medical students.&#13;
Methods: A closed cohort study with a prospective and retrospective component was conducted&#13;
between August 2014 and September 2015. The participants were contacted in two moments during the follow-up period, during which a structured questionnaire divided into six sections was used; the interviews were conducted during the follow-up period (Month 6) and at the end of the observation period (Month 12).&#13;
Results: The global prevalence of accidents in the previous 12 months was 10.2%, with a difference between professionals and students (13.0% vs. 5.1%, respectively; p &lt; 0.003). The incidence rate was 6.49 per 100 person/year, with difference between the groups (6.09 per 100 person/year in professionals and 7.26 per 100 person/year in students), type of specialization (hazard ratio, 3.27), and hours worked per week (hazard ratio, 2.27). The mean of compliance to SP was 31.99 (3.85) points, with a median of 33 (30, 35) points against the expected 27.75 points. Adherence to SP was associated with the accident report (p &lt; 0.020).&#13;
Conclusion: We conclude that the proportion/incidence rate of accidents with biological material was high in relation to that in the literature, being higher in professionals and especially among physicians. The levels of knowledge and adherence to SP were good, with the best found in dentists and dental students.</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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Mystery Shopping and Well-Being of Service Workers in South Korea (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Mystery shopping is a method in which a company monitors quality of service and employee conduct and compliance with regulations using an evaluator posing as a customer. It is a&#13;
typical tool of customer-centered bureaucratic control insofar as it provides overall and standardized evaluation of intangible elements of customer service as well as physical elements of service environments. The purpose of this study is to examine how mystery shopping is related to the health status of service workers in South Korea.&#13;
Methods: Data from semistructured interviews with 15 workers were collected from January to April 2019 to obtain information on service worker experiences with mystery shopping. Data were analyzed using the constant comparison method.&#13;
Results: Mystery shopping limits worker autonomy and stiffens the workplace environment by stan-&#13;
dardizing and monitoring labor processes for service workers. In addition, mystery shopping heightens work stress through increased labor intensity. Five mechanisms by which mystery shopping affects service worker health are identified and comprise (1) multifaceted and multilayered surveillance, (2) evaluator subjectivity and irrational requirements, (3) standardized rules combined with high pressure to achieve sales, (4) self-esteem degradation because of evaluator results, and (5) musculoskeletal disorders because of strict adherence to labor processes based on evaluator results.&#13;
Conclusion: Mystery shopping as an evaluation method should be reconsidered not only in terms of&#13;
health problems but also in terms of organizational efficiency and issues of human rights.</text>
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                <text>Heeju Shin</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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Multimorbidity and Its Impact on Workers: A Review of Longitudinal Studies (Review Article)</text>
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                <text>Objective: This study investigates the impact of multimorbidity on work through a literature review of longitudinal studies.&#13;
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Results: An initial database search identified 7522 registries, and at the end of the analysis, 7 manuscripts were included in the review. Several studies have demonstrated direct and indirect impacts of multi-morbidity on the health of workers. For this, the number of missed days due to health-related issues was evaluated, as well as the reduction in work productivity of the unhealthy worker, vulnerability of the worker with multimorbidity regarding higher indices of dismissal and recruitment difficulties, and incidence of early retirement and/or receipt of benefits due to disabilities.&#13;
Conclusions: Multimorbidity has a negative impact on work, with damages to quality of life and work&#13;
productivity, worsening the bsenteeism/presenteeism indices, enhancing the chances of temporary or permanent leaves, and lowering employability and admission of individuals with multimorbidity.</text>
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