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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019&#13;
Calibration of Portable Particulate Matter-Monitoring Device using Web Query and Machine Learning (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Calibration, Machine learning, Monitoring and control, Particulate matter, Web query</text>
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                <text>Background: Monitoring and control of PM2.5 are being recognized as key to address health issues&#13;
attributed to PM2.5. Availability of low-cost PM2.5 sensors made it possible to introduce a number of&#13;
portable PM2.5 monitors based on light scattering to the consumer market at an affordable price. Ac-&#13;
curacy of light scatteringebased PM2.5 monitors significantly depends on the method of calibration.&#13;
Static calibration curve is used as the most popular calibration method for low-cost PM2.5 sensors&#13;
particularly because of ease of application. Drawback in this approach is, however, the lack of accuracy.&#13;
Methods: This study discussed the calibration of a low-cost PM2.5-monitoring device (PMD) to improve the accuracy and reliability for practical use. The proposed method is based on construction of the PM2.5 sensor network using Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol and web query of reference measurement data available at government-authorized PM monitoring station (GAMS) in the republic of Korea. Four machine learning (ML) algorithms such as support vector machine, k-nearest neighbors, random forest, and extreme gradient boosting were used as regression models to calibrate the PMD measurements of PM2.5. Performance of each ML algorithm was evaluated using stratified K-fold cross-validation, and a linear regression model was used as a reference. &#13;
Results: Based on the performance of ML algorithms used, regression of the output of the PMD to PM2.5 concentrations data available from the GAMS through web query was effective. The extreme gradient boosting algorithm showed the best performance with a mean coefficient of determination (R2 ) of 0.78 and standard error of 5.0 mg/m3 , corresponding to 8% increase in R2 and 12% decrease in root mean square error in comparison with the linear regression model. Minimum 100 hours of calibration period&#13;
was found required to calibrate the PMD to its full capacity. Calibration method proposed poses a lim-&#13;
itation on the location of the PMD being in the vicinity of the GAMS. As the number of the PMD&#13;
participating in the sensor network increases, however, calibrated PMDs can be used as reference devices to nearby PMDs that require calibration, forming a calibration chain through MQTT protocol.&#13;
Conclusions: Calibration of a low-cost PMD, which is based on construction of PM2.5 sensor network&#13;
using MQTT protocol and web query of reference measurement data available at a GAMS, significantly improves the accuracy and reliability of a PMD, thereby making practical use of the low-cost PMD possible.</text>
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                <text>Byoung Gook Loh, Gi Heung Choi</text>
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                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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                <text>December 2019</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019</text>
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        <name>Calibration</name>
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      <tag tagId="2017">
        <name>Jurnal Internasional Keperawatan</name>
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      <tag tagId="816">
        <name>machine learning</name>
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        <name>Monitoring and control</name>
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        <name>Particulate matter</name>
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        <name>Web query</name>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019&#13;
Multimorbidity and Its Impact on Workers: A Review of Longitudinal Studies (Review Article)</text>
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                <text>Morbidity, Multimorbidity, Review, Workers, Work</text>
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                <text>Objective: This study investigates the impact of multimorbidity on work through a literature review of longitudinal studies.&#13;
Methods: A systematic review was carried out in the databases Lilacs, SciELO, PAHO, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane. There were no restrictions regarding the year of publication or language to maximize the identification of relevant literature. The quality of studies was assessed by the protocol STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE).&#13;
Results: An initial database search identified 7522 registries, and at the end of the analysis, 7 manuscripts were included in the review. Several studies have demonstrated direct and indirect impacts of multi-morbidity on the health of workers. For this, the number of missed days due to health-related issues was evaluated, as well as the reduction in work productivity of the unhealthy worker, vulnerability of the worker with multimorbidity regarding higher indices of dismissal and recruitment difficulties, and incidence of early retirement and/or receipt of benefits due to disabilities.&#13;
Conclusions: Multimorbidity has a negative impact on work, with damages to quality of life and work&#13;
productivity, worsening the bsenteeism/presenteeism indices, enhancing the chances of temporary or permanent leaves, and lowering employability and admission of individuals with multimorbidity.</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Giorgione G. Cabral, Ana C. Dantas de Souza, Isabelle R. Barbosa, Javier Jerez-Roig, Dyego L.B. Souza </text>
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                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019</text>
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        <name>Jurnal Internasional Keperawatan</name>
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      <tag tagId="887">
        <name>morbidity</name>
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        <name>Multimorbidity</name>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019&#13;
Mystery Shopping and Well-Being of Service Workers in South Korea (Original Article)</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>Bureaucratic control, Job autonomy, Job stress, Mystery shopping, Surveillance</text>
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                <text>Background: Mystery shopping is a method in which a company monitors quality of service and employee conduct and compliance with regulations using an evaluator posing as a customer. It is a&#13;
typical tool of customer-centered bureaucratic control insofar as it provides overall and standardized evaluation of intangible elements of customer service as well as physical elements of service environments. The purpose of this study is to examine how mystery shopping is related to the health status of service workers in South Korea.&#13;
Methods: Data from semistructured interviews with 15 workers were collected from January to April 2019 to obtain information on service worker experiences with mystery shopping. Data were analyzed using the constant comparison method.&#13;
Results: Mystery shopping limits worker autonomy and stiffens the workplace environment by stan-&#13;
dardizing and monitoring labor processes for service workers. In addition, mystery shopping heightens work stress through increased labor intensity. Five mechanisms by which mystery shopping affects service worker health are identified and comprise (1) multifaceted and multilayered surveillance, (2) evaluator subjectivity and irrational requirements, (3) standardized rules combined with high pressure to achieve sales, (4) self-esteem degradation because of evaluator results, and (5) musculoskeletal disorders because of strict adherence to labor processes based on evaluator results.&#13;
Conclusion: Mystery shopping as an evaluation method should be reconsidered not only in terms of&#13;
health problems but also in terms of organizational efficiency and issues of human rights.</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Heeju Shin</text>
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                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19610">
                <text>English</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019</text>
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    <tagContainer>
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        <name>Bureaucratic control</name>
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      <tag tagId="3317">
        <name>Job autonomy</name>
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      <tag tagId="3109">
        <name>Job stress</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="2017">
        <name>Jurnal Internasional Keperawatan</name>
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      <tag tagId="3318">
        <name>Mystery shopping</name>
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        <name>Surveillance</name>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019&#13;
The Third Version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (Original Article)</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Psychosocial risk factors, Psychosocial working conditions, Risk assessment</text>
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                <text>Introduction: A new third version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ III) has been developed in response to trends in working life, theoretical concepts, and international experience. A key component of the COPSOQ III is a defined set of mandatory core items to be included in national short, middle, and long versions of the questionnaire. The aim of the present article is to present and test the reliability of the new international middle version of the COPSOQ III.&#13;
Methods: The questionnaire was tested among 23,361 employees during 2016e2017 in Canada, Spain, France, Germany, Sweden, and Turkey. A total of 26 dimensions (measured through scales or single&#13;
items) of the middle version and two from the long version were tested. Psychometric properties of the&#13;
dimensions were assessed regarding reliability (Cronbach a), ceiling and floor effects (fractions with&#13;
extreme answers), and distinctiveness (correlations with other dimensions).&#13;
Results: Most international middle dimensions had satisfactory reliability in most countries, though&#13;
some ceiling and floor effects were present. Dimensions with missing values were rare. Most dimensions had low to medium intercorrelations.&#13;
Conclusions: The COPSOQ III offers reliable and distinct measures of a wide range of psychosocial di-&#13;
mensions of modern working life in different countries; although a few measures could be improved. Future testing should focus on validation of the COPSOQ items and dimensions using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Such investigations would enhance the basis for recommendations using the COPSOQ III.</text>
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                <text>Hermann Burr, Hanne Berthelsen, Salvador Moncada, Matthias Nübling, Emilie Dupret, Yucel Demiral, John Oudyk, Tage S. Kristensen, Clara Llorens, Albert Navarro, Hans-Joachim Lincke, Christine Bocéréan, Ceyda Sahan, Peter Smith, Anne Pohrt, on behalf of the international COPSOQ Network </text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019&#13;
Relationship of Occupational Category With Risk of Physical and Mental Health Problems (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Objectives: We evaluated the physical and mental health problems of waged workers in Korea who had different classes of occupation.&#13;
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Results: “Unskilled manual workers” were more likely to be older, less educated, have lower monthly&#13;
income, and work fewer hours per week. Among men and relative to “managers and professionals”&#13;
(reference group), “skilled manual workers” were more likely to have physician-diagnosed osteoarthritis, “clerks” were less likely to report suicidal ideation, and “unskilled manual workers” were more likely to report suicidal ideation. Among women and relative to “managers and professionals” (reference group), “service and sales workers” and “unskilled manual workers” were more likely to report physician-diagnosed osteoarthritis, depressive feelings, and suicidal ideation. However, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases did not differ among the occupational classes for men and&#13;
women.&#13;
Conclusion: We identified differences between men and women and among those in different occupa-&#13;
tional classes regarding employment status, physical health, and mental health. “Unskilled manual workers” of both genders were more likely to be older, less educated, have less monthly income, work fewer hours per week, and have suicidal ideation. Female “service and sales workers” were more likely to have osteoarthritis, depressive feelings, and suicidal ideation. </text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019&#13;
The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on Occupational Health and Safety, Worker's Compensation and Labor Conditions (Review Article)</text>
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                <text>The “fourth industrial revolution” (FIR) is an age of advanced technology based on information and&#13;
communication. FIR has a more powerful impact on the economy than in the past. However, the pros-&#13;
pects for the labor environment are uncertain. The purpose of this study is to anticipate and prepare for occupational health and safety (OHS) issues.&#13;
In FIR, nonstandard employment will be common. As a result, it is difficult to receive OHS services and&#13;
compensation. Excessive trust in new technologies can lead to large-scale or new forms of accidents.&#13;
Global business networks will cause destruction of workers' biorhythms, some cancers, overwork, and&#13;
task complexity. The social disconnection because of an independent work will be a risk for worker's&#13;
mental health. The union bonds will weaken, and it will be difficult to apply standardized OHS regu-&#13;
lations to multinational enterprises.&#13;
To cope with the new OHS issues, we need to establish new concepts of "decent work” and standardize regulations, which apply to enterprises in each country, develop public health as an OHS service, monitor emerging OHS events and networks among independent workers, and nurture experts who are responsible for new OHS issues.</text>
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                <text>Jeehee Min, Yangwoo Kim, Sujin Lee, Tae-Won Jang, Inah Kim, Jaechul Song</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019&#13;
Automated Systems and Trust: Mineworkers’ Trust in Proximity Detection Systems for Mobile Machines (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>automation, mining, occupational safety, proximity detection, trust</text>
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                <text>Background: Collisions involving workers and mobile machines continue to be a major concern in underground coal mines. Over the last 30 years, these collisions have resulted in numerous injuries and fatalities. Recently, the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) proposed a rule that would&#13;
require mines to equip mobile machines with proximity detection systems (PDSs) (systems designed for automated collision avoidance). Even though this regulation has not been enacted, some mines have installed PDSs on their scoops and hauling machines. However, early implementation of PDSs has introduced a variety of safety concerns. Past findings show that workers’ trust can affect technology integration and influence unsafe use of automated technologies.&#13;
Methods: Using a mixed-methods approach, the present study explores the effect that factors such as mine of employment, age, experience, and system type have on workers’ trust in PDSs for mobile ma-&#13;
chines. The study also explores how workers are trained on PDSs and how this training influences trust.&#13;
Results: The study resulted in three major findings. First, the mine of employment had a significant&#13;
influence on workers’ trust in mobile PDSs. Second, hands-on and classroom training was the most&#13;
common types of training. Finally, over 70% of workers are trained on the system by the mine compared with 36% trained by the system manufacturer.&#13;
Conclusion: The influence of workers’ mine of employment on trust in PDSs may indicate that practitioners and researchers may need to give the organizational and physical characteristics of each mine careful consideration to ensure safe integration of automated systems.</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019&#13;
Occupational Exposure to Potentially Infectious Biological Material Among Physicians, Dentists, and Nurses at a University (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Accidents at work, Compliance to standard precautions, Incidence, Needle stick injuries, Prevalence</text>
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                <text>Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and incidence of accidents with biological material, the level of knowledge, and compliance to standard precautions (SPs) among&#13;
dentists, physicians, nurses, and dental and medical students.&#13;
Methods: A closed cohort study with a prospective and retrospective component was conducted&#13;
between August 2014 and September 2015. The participants were contacted in two moments during the follow-up period, during which a structured questionnaire divided into six sections was used; the interviews were conducted during the follow-up period (Month 6) and at the end of the observation period (Month 12).&#13;
Results: The global prevalence of accidents in the previous 12 months was 10.2%, with a difference between professionals and students (13.0% vs. 5.1%, respectively; p &lt; 0.003). The incidence rate was 6.49 per 100 person/year, with difference between the groups (6.09 per 100 person/year in professionals and 7.26 per 100 person/year in students), type of specialization (hazard ratio, 3.27), and hours worked per week (hazard ratio, 2.27). The mean of compliance to SP was 31.99 (3.85) points, with a median of 33 (30, 35) points against the expected 27.75 points. Adherence to SP was associated with the accident report (p &lt; 0.020).&#13;
Conclusion: We conclude that the proportion/incidence rate of accidents with biological material was high in relation to that in the literature, being higher in professionals and especially among physicians. The levels of knowledge and adherence to SP were good, with the best found in dentists and dental students.</text>
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                <text>Leonardo Amaral Reis, Ehideé Isabel Gómez La-Rotta, Priscilla Barbosa Diniz, Francisco Hideo Aoki , Jacks Jorge </text>
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                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019</text>
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        <name>Jurnal Internasional Keperawatan</name>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019&#13;
Risk Assessment for Metalworking Fluids and Respiratory Outcomes (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are mixtures with inhalation exposures as mists, dusts, and vapors, and dermal exposure in the dispersed and bulk liquid phase. A quantitative risk assessment was performed for exposure to MWF and respiratory disease.&#13;
Methods: Risks associated with MWF were derived from published studies and NIOSH Health Hazard&#13;
Evaluations, and lifetime risks were calculated. The outcomes analyzed included adult onset asthma,&#13;
hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pulmonary function impairment, and reported symptoms. Incidence rates were compiled or estimated, and annual proportional loss of respiratory capacity was derived from cross-sectional assessments.&#13;
Results: A strong healthy worker survivor effect was present. New-onset asthma and hypersensi-&#13;
tivity pneumonitis, at 0.1 mg/m3 MWF under continuous outbreak conditions, had a lifetime risk&#13;
of 45%; if the associated microbiological conditions occur with only 5% prevalence, then the lifetime risk would be about 3%. At 0.1 mg/m3 , the estimate of excess lifetime risk of attributable pulmonary impairment was 0.25%, which may have been underestimated by a factor of 5 or more by a strong healthy worker survivor effect. The symptom prevalence associated with respiratory impairment at 0.1 mg/m3 MWF was estimated to be 5% (published studies) and 21% (Health Hazard&#13;
Evaluations). &#13;
Conclusion: Significant risks of impairment and chronic disease occurred at 0.1 mg/m3 for MWFs in use mostly before 2000. Evolving MWFs contain new ingredients with uncharacterized long-term hazards. </text>
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                <text>Robert M. Park</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019&#13;
Activity Level and Body Mass Index as Predictors of Physical Workload During Working Career (Short Communication)</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="49">
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                <text>The increasing prevalence of inactivity and obesity, along with aging, has implications on work capacity&#13;
of labor force. This study reports the relationships between activity level and BMI by age with objectively measured physical workload. Data were examined from a sample of 19 481 Finnish employees using an estimate of minute-to-minute oxygen consumption based on R-R interval recordings. The mean estimated %VO2max during the working day was 12.1 (3.6) and 15.1 (4.5)% for men and women, respectively. Based on a linear model, the mean %VO2max increased by 1.5%-unit per 10-year increase in age, by 2.1%-unit per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI, and decreased by 1.6%-unit if improving physical activity class by two (p &lt; 0.001 for all). Overweight and obesity, together with inactivity, notably increases workload throughout the career, even though at young adulthood, the daily workload is almost the same for each person regardless of the BMI, activity level, or gender. This study highlights the importance of regular physical activity and normal weight in protecting the worker from excessive physical (cardiovascular) workload during the whole working career.</text>
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                <text>Satu K. Mänttäri, Juha A.H. Oksa, Jussi Virkkala, Julia A.K. Pietilä</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19529">
                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 4 2019</text>
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