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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020&#13;
Repeat Auditing of Primary Health-care Facilities Against Standards for Occupational Health and Infection Control: A Study of Compliance and Reliability (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Audit, Infection prevention and control, Occupational health and safety, Primary health care, Standards</text>
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                <text>Background: The elevated risk of occupational infection such as tuberculosis among health workers in many countries raises the question of whether the quality of occupational health and safety (OHS) and infection prevention and control (IPC) can be improved by auditing. The objectives of this study were to measure (1) audited compliance of primary health-care facilities in South Africa with national standards for OHS and IPC, (2) change in compliance at reaudit three years after baseline, and (3) the inter-rater reliability of the audit.&#13;
Methods: The study analyzed audits of 60 primary health-care facilities in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Baseline external audits in the time period 2011e2012 were compared with follow-up&#13;
internal audits in 2014e2015. Audits at 25 facilities that had both internal and external audits conducted in 2014/2015 were used to measure reliability.&#13;
Results: At baseline, 25% of 60 facilities were “noncompliant” (audit score&lt;50%), 48% “conditionally compliant” (score &gt;50 &lt; 80%), and only 27% “compliant” (score &gt;80%). Overall, there was no significant improvement in compliance three years after baseline. Percentage agreement on specific items between internal and external audits ranged from 28% to 92% and kappa from -0.8 to 0.41 (poor to moderate).&#13;
Conclusion: Low baseline compliance with OHSeIPC measures and lack of improvement over three years reflect the difficulties of quality improvement in these domains. Low inter-rater reliability of the audit instrument undermines the audit process. Evidence-based investment of effort is required if repeat auditing is to contribute to occupational risk reduction for health workers.</text>
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                <text>Brynt Cloete, Annalee Yassi, Rodney Ehrlich</text>
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                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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                <text>March 2020</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19818">
                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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      <tag tagId="2017">
        <name>Jurnal Internasional Keperawatan</name>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020&#13;
Evaluation of a New Workplace Protection Factor-Measuring Method for Filtering Facepiece Respirator (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>filtering facepiece respirator, flame photometer, nominal protection factor, PortaCount, workplace protection factor</text>
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                <text>Background: This study aims to assess whether the TSI PortaCount (Model 8020) is a measuring&#13;
instrument comparable with the flame photometer. This would provide an indication for the suitability&#13;
of the PortaCount for determining the workplace protection factor for particulate filtering facepiece&#13;
respirators.&#13;
Methods: The PortaCount (with and without the N95-Companion) was compared with a stationary&#13;
flame photometer from Moores (Wallisdown) Ltd (Type 1100), which is a measuring instrument used in the procedure for determining the total inward leakage of the particulate filtering facepiece respirator in the European Standard. Penetration levels of sodium chloride aerosol through sample respirators of two brands (A and B) were determined by the two measuring systems under laboratory conditions. For each brand, thirty-six measurements were conducted. The samples were split into groups according to their protection level, conditioning before testing, and aerosol concentration. The relationship between the&#13;
gauged data from two measuring systems was determined. In addition, the particle size distribution inside the respirator and outside the respirator was documented. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate the association between the PortaCount (with and without the N95-Companion) and the flame photometer.&#13;
Results: A linear relationship was found between the raw data scaled with the PortaCount (without&#13;
N95-Companion) and the data detected by the flame photometer (R2 1⁄4 0.9704) under all test conditions. The distribution of particle size was found to be the same inside and outside the respirator in almost all cases.&#13;
Conclusion: Based on the obtained data, the PortaCount may be applicable for the determination of workplace protection factor.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19761">
                <text>Chenchen Sun, Christoph Thelen, Iris Sancho Sanz, Andreas Wittmann</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19762">
                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19764">
                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>English</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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        <name>filtering facepiece respirator</name>
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        <name>flame photometer</name>
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      <tag tagId="2017">
        <name>Jurnal Internasional Keperawatan</name>
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      <tag tagId="3374">
        <name>nominal protection factor</name>
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        <name>PortaCount</name>
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        <name>workplace protection factor</name>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020&#13;
Mediating Effects of Burnout in the Association Between Emotional Labor and Turnover Intention in Korean Clinical Nurses (Original Article)</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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                <text>Burnout, Clinical nurses, Emotional labor, Turnover intention</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Background: The current lack of the number of nurses and high nurse turnover rate leads to major&#13;
problems for the health-care system in terms of cost, patient care ability, and quality of care. Theoretically, burnout may help link emotional labor with turnover intention. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effect of burnout in the association between emotional labor and turnover intention in Korean clinical nurses.&#13;
Methods: Using data collected from a sample of 606 nurses from six Korean hospitals, we conducted a&#13;
multiple regression analysis to determine the relationships among clinical nurses’ emotional labor,&#13;
burnout, and turnover intention, looking at burnout as a mediator.&#13;
Results: The results fully and partially support the mediating role of burnout in the relationship between the subfactors of emotional labor and turnover intention. In particular, burnout partially mediated the relationship between emotional disharmony and hurt, organizational surveillance and monitoring, and lack of a supportive and protective system in the organization. In addition, we found that burnout has a significant full mediation effect on the relationship between overload and conflicts in customer service&#13;
and turnover intention. Although the mediating effect of burnout was significantly associated with the demands and regulation of emotions, no significant effects on turnover intention were found.&#13;
Conclusion: To reduce nurses’ turnover, we recommend developing strategies that target both burnout and emotional labor, given that burnout fully and partially mediated the effects of emotional labor on turnover intention, and emotional labor was directly associated with turnover intention.</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19783">
                <text>Chi-Yun Back, Dae-Sung Hyun, Da-Yee Jeung, Sei-Jin Chang</text>
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                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>March 2020</text>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19786">
                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19788">
                <text>English</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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        <name>Burnout</name>
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        <name>Clinical nurses</name>
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        <name>Emotional labor</name>
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      <tag tagId="2017">
        <name>Jurnal Internasional Keperawatan</name>
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        <name>Turnover intention</name>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19834">
                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020&#13;
Spatial Changes in Work Capacity for Occupations Vulnerable to Heat Stress: Potential Regional Impacts From Global Climate Change (Original Article)</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19835">
                <text>Climate change adaptation, Exploratory spatial data analysis, Labor productivity, Work capacity, Working conditions</text>
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                <text>Background: As the impact of climate change intensifies, exposure to heat stress will grow, leading to a loss of work capacity for vulnerable occupations and affecting individual labor decisions. This study estimates the future work capacity under the Representative Concentration Pathways 8.5 scenario and discusses its regional impacts on the occupational structure in the Republic of Korea.&#13;
Methods: The data utilized for this study constitute the local wet bulb globe temperature from the Korea Meteorological Administration and information from the Korean Working Condition Survey from the Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute of Korea. Using these data, we classify the occupations vulnerable to heat stress and estimate future changes in work capacity at the local scale, considering the occupational structure. We then identify the spatial cluster of diminishing work capacity using exploratory spatial data analysis.&#13;
Results: Our findings indicate that 52 occupations are at risk of heat stress, including machine operators and elementary laborers working in the construction, welding, metal, and mining industries. Moreover,spatial clusters with diminished work capacity appear in southwest Korea.&#13;
Conclusion: Although previous studies investigated the work capacity associated with heat stress in&#13;
terms of climatic impact, this study quantifies the local impacts due to the global risk of climate change. The results suggest the need for mainstreaming an adaptation policy related to work capacity in regional development strategies.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19837">
                <text>Donghyun Kim , Junbeom Lee</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19838">
                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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Prevalence of MSDs and Postural Risk Assessment in Floor Mopping Activity Through Subjective and Objective Measures (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Residential and commercial cleaning is a part of our daily routine to maintain sanitation&#13;
around the environment. Health care of professionals involved in such cleaning activities has become a major concern all over the world. The present study investigates the risk of usculoskeletal disorders in professional cleaners involved in floor mopping tasks.&#13;
Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 132 mopping professionals using a modified Nordic&#13;
questionnaire. The Pearson correlation test was implemented to study the association of perceived pain with work experience. The muscle strain and postural risk were evaluated by means of three-channel electromyography and real-time motion capture respectively of 15 professionals during floor mopping.&#13;
Results: Regarding musculoskeletal injuries, risk was reported majorly in the right hand, lower back, left wrist, right shoulder, left biceps, and right wrist of the workers. Work experience had a low negative&#13;
association with MSDs in the left wrist, right wrist, right elbow, lower back, and right lower arm&#13;
(p &lt; 0.01). Surface EMG showed occurrence of higher muscle activity in upper trapezius and biceps&#13;
brachii (BB) muscles of the dominant hand and flexor carpi radialis and BB muscles of the nondominant hand positioned at the upper and lower portion of the mop rod, respectively.&#13;
Conclusion: Ergonomic mediations should be executed to lessen the observed risk of musculoskeletal injuries in this professional group of workers.</text>
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                <text>Gouri Naik, Mohammed Rajik Khan</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020&#13;
Cancer Incidence by Occupation in Korea: Longitudinal Analysis of a Nationwide Cohort (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Background: We performed this study to investigate the inequalities in site-specific cancer incidences among workers across different occupations in Korea.&#13;
Methods: Subjects included members of the national employment insurance. Incident cancers among 8,744,603 workers were followed from 1995 to 2007. Occupational groups were classified according to the Korean Standard Occupational Classification. Age-standardized incidence rate ratios were calculated.&#13;
Results: We found that men in service/sales and blue-collar occupations had elevated rates of esophageal, liver, laryngeal, and lung cancer. Among women, service/sales workers had elevated incidences of cervical cancer. Male prostate cancer, female breast, corpus uteri, and ovarian cancers, as well as male and female colorectal, kidney, and thyroid cancer showed lower incidences among workers in lower socioeconomic occupations.&#13;
Conclusions: Substantial differences in cancer incidences were found depending on occupation reflecting socioeconomic position, in the Korean working population. Cancer prevention policy should focus on addressing these socioeconomic inequalities.</text>
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                <text>Hye-Eun Lee , Masayoshi Zaitsu, Eun-A Kim, Ichiro Kawachi</text>
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                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19735">
                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020&#13;
Development of Korean Head forms for Respirator Performance Testing (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Protection from yellow dust and particulate matter is ensured by the use of respirators among the Korean citizens and workers. However, the manikins used to test the performance of the same were manufactured considering western facial specifications owing to which they do not represent Korean facial characteristics.&#13;
Methods: Analysis of the data from the 6th 3D anthropometric survey of Koreans (Size Korea; 2010 e2013) of 4,583 people aged 7 to 69 years was performed to obtain their facial dimensions. We subsequently clustered 44 facial measurements using Design X software, followed by the creation of the cluster centroid.&#13;
Results: Three 3D head forms were developeddsmall, medium, and large, and their images were stored in “.stl” format for 3D printing. The facial widths and lengths of the three head forms were 127.1 mm  90.6 mm, 143.2 mm  104.0 mm, and 149.1 mm  120.2 mm, respectively.&#13;
Conclusion: We developed manikin head forms according to the facial dimensions of the Korean population, which was essential in evaluating respiratory protective equipment. These head forms can be used to test the performance of respirators considering the facial dimensions of the Korean population.</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020&#13;
Trends in Obesity Prevalence by Occupation Based on Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey From 1998 to 2015 (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Background: It is well known that the prevalence of obesity in Korea is increasing over time, however it is not known how the trends among occupational groups and sex differ in such increasing trends. This&#13;
study was designed to provide recent trends of obesity among workers in Korea and to identify whether there were differences among occupational groups.&#13;
Methods: We used data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phases I to VI (1998e2015), to analyze trends in the prevalence of obesity in adult Korean workers. Obesity was defined as a body mass index of 25 kg/m2 or higher. Occupations were classified into 3 groups: (a) nonmanual workers, (b) service/sales workers, and (c) manual workers.&#13;
Results: During the period of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Phases I to VI, the prevalence of obesity in male workers increased in all occupations (31.1% to 39.5% in manual workers, 32.3% to 38.2% in service/sales workers, and 25.3% to 39.7% in manual workers). However, female workers did not show any particular tendency toward obesity, except for a significant decrease in the prevalence rate in service/sales workers (30.8% to 23.9%, p for trend 1⁄4 0.0048).&#13;
Conclusion: The trends of obesity prevalence by sex and occupation were different. For male manual&#13;
workers, the prevalence rate increased steadily during the data period, while it decreased steadily in&#13;
female sales/service workers.</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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Evaluation of Short-Term Exposure Levels on Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide During Manure-Handling Processes at Livestock Farms (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are harmful gases generated during aerobic/anaerobic&#13;
bacterial decomposition of livestock manure. We evaluated ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentra&#13;
tions generated from workplaces at livestock farms and determined environmental factors influencing&#13;
the gas concentrations.&#13;
Methods: Five commercial swine farms and five poultry farms were selected for monitoring. Real-time monitors were used to measure the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations and environmental conditions during the manure-handling processes. Monitoring was conducted in the manure storage facility and composting facility. Information on the farm conditions was also collected through interview and walk-through survey.&#13;
Results: The ammonia concentrations were significantly higher at the swine composting facilities (9.5 e43.2 ppm) than at other manure-handling facilities at the swine and poultry farms, and high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide were identified during the manure agitation and mixing process at the swine manure storage facilities (6.9e19.5 ppm). At the poultry manure-handling facilities, the ammonia concentration was higher during the manure-handling processes (2.6e57.9 ppm), and very low hydrogen sulfide concentrations (0e3.4 ppm) were detected. The air temperature and relative humidity, volume of the facility, duration of manure storage, and the number of animals influenced the gas concentrations.&#13;
Conclusion: A high level of hazardous gases was generated during manure handling, and some levels&#13;
increased up to risk levels that can threaten workers' health and safety. Some of the farm operational factors were also found to influence the gas levels. By controlling and improving these factors, it would be possible to protect workers' safety and health from occupational risks.</text>
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                <text>Jihoon Park, Taesun Kang, Yong Heo, Kiyoung Lee, Kyungran Kim, Kyungsuk Lee, Chungsik Yoon</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19779">
                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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        <name>Livestock workers</name>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020&#13;
Work Reentry After Childbirth: Predictors of Self-Rated Health in Month One Among a Sample of University Faculty and Staff (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Leave, Maternity, Postpartum depression, Postpartum period, Return to work</text>
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                <text>Background: Childbirth represents a significant transition for women, with physical and psychological sequelae. Reentry to the workplace during the postpartum period is understudied, with implications for maternal well-being and job-related outcomes. This study's aim was to examine selected pregnancy, childbirth, and return-to-work correlates of overall self-rated health within the first month of work reentry after maternity leave.&#13;
Methods: Between December 2016 and January 2017, we surveyed women employed at a large, public Midwestern university who had given birth in the past five years (N 1⁄4 249) to examine self-rated overall health in the first month of work reentry. Using ordinal logistic regression, we examined whether physical or psychological health problems during pregnancy, childbirth complications, length of maternity leave, and depression and anxiety at work reentry were related to overall health.&#13;
Results: Women who experienced depression (odds ratio [OR] 1⁄4 0.096 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1⁄4 0.019 to 0.483, p 1⁄4 0.004]) and anxiety (OR 1⁄4 0.164, [95% CI 1⁄4 0.042 to 0.635, p 1⁄4 0.009]) nearly every day reported worse health at work reentry than those with no symptoms. Controlling for demographics and mental health, women who experienced medical problems during pregnancy (OR 1⁄4 0.540 [95% CI 1⁄4 0.311 to .935, p 1⁄4 0.028]) were more likely to report poor health, while taking a longer maternity leave&#13;
(OR 1⁄4 14.552 [95% CI 1⁄4 4.934 to 42.918, p &lt; 0.001]) was associated with reporting better health at work reentry.&#13;
Conclusion: Women who experience medical complications during pregnancy, return to the workplace too soon after birth, and experience mental health symptoms are vulnerable physically as they return to work.</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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