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Assessing the Association Between Emotional Labor and Presenteeism Among Nurses in Korea: Cross-sectional Study Using the 4th Korean Working Conditions Survey (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Presenteeism has emerged as an important health-related issue and has been studied in a variety of occupation groups. This study examines the relationship between emotional labor and presenteeism in nurses in Republic of Korea.&#13;
Methods: As a cross-sectional study, our study was conducted on 328 female nurses participating in the&#13;
fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey (2015). Nurses were identified by the Korean Industry Clas-&#13;
sification Code. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the association between emotional labor and presenteeism.&#13;
Results: Female nurses who always or sometimes hide their emotions in the workplace were found to&#13;
have a high risk for presenteeism compared with female nurses who rarely hide their emotions in the&#13;
workplace {odds ratio [OR] 1⁄4 2.40 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04e5.54]; OR 1⁄4 4.12 [95% CI 1.72e9.84], respectively}. Furthermore, the risk of presenteeism was higher in nurses who sometimes engaged with complaining customers compared with nurses who rarely did so, but it lacked statistical significance.&#13;
Conclusion: Presenteeism in nurses can cause various negative secondary effects; therefore, an alternative should be sought to mediate nurses' emotional labor to prevent presenteeism.</text>
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                <text>Sung Won Jung, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020&#13;
Assessment of Respiratory Problems in Workers Associated with Intensive Poultry Facilities in Pakistan (Original Article)&#13;
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                <text>Emissions, FEV1, FVC, Poultry farm workers, Spirometry</text>
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                <text>Background: The poultry industry in Pakistan has flourished since the 1960s; however, there are scarce data regarding the impact of occupational exposure on the pulmonary health of farm workers in terms of years working in the industry. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of poultry environment on the health of occupationally exposed poultry farmers in countries of warm climatic regions, such as Pakistan. This study will also show the effect of exposure to poultry facilities on the health of poultry farmers in the context of low-income countries with a relatively inadequate occupational exposure risk management.&#13;
Materials and methods: The lung function capacity of 79 poultry workers was measured using a&#13;
spirometer. Along with spirometry, a structured questionnaire was also administrated to obtain information about age, height, weight, smokers/nonsmokers, years of working experience, and pulmonary health of farm workers. The workers who were directly involved in the care and handling of birds in these intensive facilities were considered and divided into four groups based on their years of working experience: Group I (3-10 months), Group II (1-5 years), Group III (6-10 years), and Group IV (more than 11 years). The forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and the FEV1/FVC ratio were considered to identify lung function abnormalities. Statistical analysis was carried out using independent sample t test, Chi-square test, Pearson's correlation, and linear regression.&#13;
Results: Based on the performed spirometry, 68 (86 %) of workers were found normal and healthy,&#13;
whereas 11 (14 %) had a mild obstruction. Of the 11 workers with mild obstruction, the highest number&#13;
with respect to the total was in Group IV (more than 11 years of working experience) followed by Group&#13;
III and Group II. Most of the workers were found healthy, which seems to be because of the healthy&#13;
survivor effect. For the independent sample t test, a significant difference was noticed between healthy&#13;
and nonhealthy farmers, whereas Chi-square test showed a significant association with height, drugs,&#13;
and working experience. Linear regression that was stratified by respiratory symptoms showed for&#13;
workers with symptoms, regression models for all spirometric parameters (FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC) have better predictive power or R square value than those of workers without symptoms.&#13;
Conclusion: These findings suggest that lung function capacity was directly related to years of working experience. With increasing number of working years, symptoms of various respiratory problems enhanced in the poultry workers. It should be noted that most of the poultry workers were healthy and young, the rationale being that there is a high turnover rate in this profession. The mobility in this job and our finding of 86% of the healthy workers in the present study also proposed healthy worker survivor effect.</text>
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                <text>Roheela Yasmeen, Zulfiqar Ali , Sean Tyrrel, Zaheer Ahmad Nasir </text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020&#13;
Cancer Incidence by Occupation in Korea: Longitudinal Analysis of a Nationwide Cohort (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Cancer incidence, Korea, Occupation, Socioeconomic disparity</text>
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                <text>Background: We performed this study to investigate the inequalities in site-specific cancer incidences among workers across different occupations in Korea.&#13;
Methods: Subjects included members of the national employment insurance. Incident cancers among 8,744,603 workers were followed from 1995 to 2007. Occupational groups were classified according to the Korean Standard Occupational Classification. Age-standardized incidence rate ratios were calculated.&#13;
Results: We found that men in service/sales and blue-collar occupations had elevated rates of esophageal, liver, laryngeal, and lung cancer. Among women, service/sales workers had elevated incidences of cervical cancer. Male prostate cancer, female breast, corpus uteri, and ovarian cancers, as well as male and female colorectal, kidney, and thyroid cancer showed lower incidences among workers in lower socioeconomic occupations.&#13;
Conclusions: Substantial differences in cancer incidences were found depending on occupation reflecting socioeconomic position, in the Korean working population. Cancer prevention policy should focus on addressing these socioeconomic inequalities.</text>
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                <text>Hye-Eun Lee , Masayoshi Zaitsu, Eun-A Kim, Ichiro Kawachi</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020&#13;
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Among Male French Farmers and Agricultural Workers: Is It Only Associated With Physical Exposure? (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Carpal tunnel syndrome, Chemicals, Co-exposure, Multiple exposure, Physical risk factors</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19738">
                <text>Background: Exploratory study to investigate whether co-exposure to physical wrist stressors and&#13;
chemicals is associated with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in French male farmers and agricultural&#13;
workers.&#13;
Methods: Cross-sectional study of 711 men aged 30e65 years and working as either farmers or agri-&#13;
cultural workers in 2009e2010 within a cohort covered by the French Agricultural Workers’ and Farmers’Mutual Benefit Fund. CTS and exposure to physical wrist stressors and chemicals were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. Associations between CTS and personal/medical factors, exposure to physical wrist stressors, exposure to chemicals, and co-exposure to physical wrist stressors and chemicals were studied using multivariate logistic regression models.&#13;
Results: Forty-four men {5.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.0e7.7]} reported that they had suffered from unilateral/bilateral CTS during the last 12 months. CTS was associated with age, current smoking [odds ratio (OR) 1⁄4 2.1 (1.0e4.5)], and exposure to physical wrist stressors [OR 1⁄4 2.6 (1.1e5.9)]. An association was found between CTS and co-exposure to physical wrist stressors and chemicals [OR 1⁄4 3.3 (0.8e14.3), p 1⁄4 0.044] in comparison with the no-exposure group.&#13;
Conclusions: This exploratory study shows an association of CTS with exposure to biomechanical wrist stressors in male farmers and agricultural workers and suggests an association of CTS with co-exposure to physical wrist stressors and chemicals. Owing to the limitations of the study, this result must be confirmed by a prospective study with objective assessments of the outcome and exposure before drawing conclusions on the possible synergistic effects of mechanical stressors and chemicals on the impairment of the median nerve.</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19739">
                <text>Yves Roquelaure, Sylvaine Jégo, Béatrice Geoffroy-Perez, Emilie Chazelle, Alexis Descatha, Bradley Evanoff, Ronan Garlantézec, Julie Bodin </text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19740">
                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19741">
                <text>March 2020</text>
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          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19742">
                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19743">
                <text>PDF</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19744">
                <text>English</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19746">
                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="3381">
        <name>Carpal tunnel syndrome</name>
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      <tag tagId="3382">
        <name>Chemicals</name>
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      <tag tagId="3383">
        <name>Co-exposure</name>
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      <tag tagId="2017">
        <name>Jurnal Internasional Keperawatan</name>
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              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19747">
                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020&#13;
Development of Korean Head forms for Respirator Performance Testing (Original Article)</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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                <text>3D anthropometry, Manikin head forms, Particulate matter, Respirator performance test, Yellow dust</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Background: Protection from yellow dust and particulate matter is ensured by the use of respirators among the Korean citizens and workers. However, the manikins used to test the performance of the same were manufactured considering western facial specifications owing to which they do not represent Korean facial characteristics.&#13;
Methods: Analysis of the data from the 6th 3D anthropometric survey of Koreans (Size Korea; 2010 e2013) of 4,583 people aged 7 to 69 years was performed to obtain their facial dimensions. We subsequently clustered 44 facial measurements using Design X software, followed by the creation of the cluster centroid.&#13;
Results: Three 3D head forms were developeddsmall, medium, and large, and their images were stored in “.stl” format for 3D printing. The facial widths and lengths of the three head forms were 127.1 mm  90.6 mm, 143.2 mm  104.0 mm, and 149.1 mm  120.2 mm, respectively.&#13;
Conclusion: We developed manikin head forms according to the facial dimensions of the Korean population, which was essential in evaluating respiratory protective equipment. These head forms can be used to test the performance of respirators considering the facial dimensions of the Korean population.</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19750">
                <text>Hyekyung Seo, Jennifer Ivy Kim, Hyunwook Kim</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19751">
                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19752">
                <text>March 2020</text>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19753">
                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19754">
                <text>PDF</text>
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          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19755">
                <text>English</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19757">
                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="3377">
        <name>3D anthropometry</name>
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      <tag tagId="2017">
        <name>Jurnal Internasional Keperawatan</name>
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      <tag tagId="3378">
        <name>Manikin head forms</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="3083">
        <name>Particulate matter</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="3379">
        <name>Respirator performance test</name>
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        <name>Yellow dust</name>
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                <elementText elementTextId="19701">
                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19758">
                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020&#13;
Evaluation of a New Workplace Protection Factor-Measuring Method for Filtering Facepiece Respirator (Original Article)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="49">
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              <elementText elementTextId="19759">
                <text>filtering facepiece respirator, flame photometer, nominal protection factor, PortaCount, workplace protection factor</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Background: This study aims to assess whether the TSI PortaCount (Model 8020) is a measuring&#13;
instrument comparable with the flame photometer. This would provide an indication for the suitability&#13;
of the PortaCount for determining the workplace protection factor for particulate filtering facepiece&#13;
respirators.&#13;
Methods: The PortaCount (with and without the N95-Companion) was compared with a stationary&#13;
flame photometer from Moores (Wallisdown) Ltd (Type 1100), which is a measuring instrument used in the procedure for determining the total inward leakage of the particulate filtering facepiece respirator in the European Standard. Penetration levels of sodium chloride aerosol through sample respirators of two brands (A and B) were determined by the two measuring systems under laboratory conditions. For each brand, thirty-six measurements were conducted. The samples were split into groups according to their protection level, conditioning before testing, and aerosol concentration. The relationship between the&#13;
gauged data from two measuring systems was determined. In addition, the particle size distribution inside the respirator and outside the respirator was documented. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate the association between the PortaCount (with and without the N95-Companion) and the flame photometer.&#13;
Results: A linear relationship was found between the raw data scaled with the PortaCount (without&#13;
N95-Companion) and the data detected by the flame photometer (R2 1⁄4 0.9704) under all test conditions. The distribution of particle size was found to be the same inside and outside the respirator in almost all cases.&#13;
Conclusion: Based on the obtained data, the PortaCount may be applicable for the determination of workplace protection factor.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19761">
                <text>Chenchen Sun, Christoph Thelen, Iris Sancho Sanz, Andreas Wittmann</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19762">
                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19763">
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              <elementText elementTextId="19764">
                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19766">
                <text>English</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19768">
                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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        <name>filtering facepiece respirator</name>
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      <tag tagId="3373">
        <name>flame photometer</name>
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      <tag tagId="2017">
        <name>Jurnal Internasional Keperawatan</name>
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      <tag tagId="3374">
        <name>nominal protection factor</name>
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        <name>PortaCount</name>
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        <name>workplace protection factor</name>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19769">
                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020&#13;
Evaluation of Short-Term Exposure Levels on Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide During Manure-Handling Processes at Livestock Farms (Original Article)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19770">
                <text>Ammonia, Exposure, Hydrogen sulfide, Livestock workers, Manure handling</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19771">
                <text>Background: Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are harmful gases generated during aerobic/anaerobic&#13;
bacterial decomposition of livestock manure. We evaluated ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentra&#13;
tions generated from workplaces at livestock farms and determined environmental factors influencing&#13;
the gas concentrations.&#13;
Methods: Five commercial swine farms and five poultry farms were selected for monitoring. Real-time monitors were used to measure the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations and environmental conditions during the manure-handling processes. Monitoring was conducted in the manure storage facility and composting facility. Information on the farm conditions was also collected through interview and walk-through survey.&#13;
Results: The ammonia concentrations were significantly higher at the swine composting facilities (9.5 e43.2 ppm) than at other manure-handling facilities at the swine and poultry farms, and high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide were identified during the manure agitation and mixing process at the swine manure storage facilities (6.9e19.5 ppm). At the poultry manure-handling facilities, the ammonia concentration was higher during the manure-handling processes (2.6e57.9 ppm), and very low hydrogen sulfide concentrations (0e3.4 ppm) were detected. The air temperature and relative humidity, volume of the facility, duration of manure storage, and the number of animals influenced the gas concentrations.&#13;
Conclusion: A high level of hazardous gases was generated during manure handling, and some levels&#13;
increased up to risk levels that can threaten workers' health and safety. Some of the farm operational factors were also found to influence the gas levels. By controlling and improving these factors, it would be possible to protect workers' safety and health from occupational risks.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19772">
                <text>Jihoon Park, Taesun Kang, Yong Heo, Kiyoung Lee, Kyungran Kim, Kyungsuk Lee, Chungsik Yoon</text>
              </elementText>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19773">
                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19774">
                <text>March 2020</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19775">
                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19776">
                <text>PDF</text>
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          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="19777">
                <text>English</text>
              </elementText>
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              <elementText elementTextId="19779">
                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="3367">
        <name>Ammonia</name>
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      <tag tagId="3368">
        <name>Exposure</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="3369">
        <name>Hydrogen sulfide</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="2017">
        <name>Jurnal Internasional Keperawatan</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="3370">
        <name>Livestock workers</name>
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      <tag tagId="3371">
        <name>Manure handling</name>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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Mediating Effects of Burnout in the Association Between Emotional Labor and Turnover Intention in Korean Clinical Nurses (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Background: The current lack of the number of nurses and high nurse turnover rate leads to major&#13;
problems for the health-care system in terms of cost, patient care ability, and quality of care. Theoretically, burnout may help link emotional labor with turnover intention. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effect of burnout in the association between emotional labor and turnover intention in Korean clinical nurses.&#13;
Methods: Using data collected from a sample of 606 nurses from six Korean hospitals, we conducted a&#13;
multiple regression analysis to determine the relationships among clinical nurses’ emotional labor,&#13;
burnout, and turnover intention, looking at burnout as a mediator.&#13;
Results: The results fully and partially support the mediating role of burnout in the relationship between the subfactors of emotional labor and turnover intention. In particular, burnout partially mediated the relationship between emotional disharmony and hurt, organizational surveillance and monitoring, and lack of a supportive and protective system in the organization. In addition, we found that burnout has a significant full mediation effect on the relationship between overload and conflicts in customer service&#13;
and turnover intention. Although the mediating effect of burnout was significantly associated with the demands and regulation of emotions, no significant effects on turnover intention were found.&#13;
Conclusion: To reduce nurses’ turnover, we recommend developing strategies that target both burnout and emotional labor, given that burnout fully and partially mediated the effects of emotional labor on turnover intention, and emotional labor was directly associated with turnover intention.</text>
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                <text>Chi-Yun Back, Dae-Sung Hyun, Da-Yee Jeung, Sei-Jin Chang</text>
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                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>English</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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        <name>Burnout</name>
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        <name>Clinical nurses</name>
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        <name>Emotional labor</name>
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      <tag tagId="2017">
        <name>Jurnal Internasional Keperawatan</name>
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        <name>Turnover intention</name>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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Patterns of Cancer-Related Risk Behaviors Among Construction Workers in Hong Kong: A Latent Class Analysis Approach (Original Article)</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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                <text>Background: Hong Kong's construction industry currently faces a manpower crisis. Blue-collar workers are a disadvantaged group and suffer higher levels of chronic diseases, for example, cancer, than the wider population. Cancer risk factors are likely to cluster together. We documented prevalence of cancer associated lifestyle risk behaviors and their correlates among Hong Kong construction workers.&#13;
Methods: Data were collected from workers at 37 railway-related construction worksites throughout&#13;
Hong Kong during May 2014. Tobacco use, alcohol consumption, unbalanced nutrition intake, and&#13;
physical inactivity were included in the analysis. Latent class analysis and multivariable logistic&#13;
regression were performed to identify the patterns of risk behaviors related to cancer, as well as their&#13;
impact factors among construction workers in Hong Kong. &#13;
Results: Overall, 1,443 workers participated. Latent class analysis identified four different behavioral&#13;
classes in the sample. Fully adjusted multiple logistic regression identified age, gender, years of Hong&#13;
Kong residency, ethnicity, educational level, and living status differentiated behavioral classes.&#13;
Conclusion: High levels of lifestyle-related cancer-risk behaviors were found in most of the Hong Kong&#13;
construction workers studied. The present study contributes to understanding how cancer-related life-style risk behaviors cluster among construction workers and relative impact factors of risk behaviors. It is essential to tailor health behavior interventions focused on multiple risk behaviors among different groups for further enlarging the effects on cancer prevention.</text>
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                <text>Nan Xia, Wendy Lam, Pamela Tin, Sungwon Yoon, Na Zhang, Weiwei Zhang, Ke Ma, Richard Fielding</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 1 2020</text>
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