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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 3 2020</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 3 2020&#13;
Do Low Self-Esteem and High Stress Lead to Burnout Among Health-Care Workers? Evidence From a Tertiary Hospital in Bangalore, India (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Burnout, Health-care workers, Self-esteem, Stress</text>
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                <text>Background: Low self-esteem can be an issue among health-care workers due to the hierarchical medical system. Health-care workers are also in a high pressure environment that can lead to stress and burnout. This study was conducted to estimate the proportion of health-care workers with low self-esteem, high stress, and burnout and the factors associated with these in a private hospital in Bangalore city.&#13;
Methods: This cross-sectional study included a random sample of health-care workers of various cadres - doctors, nurses, nursing aides, technicians, and workers in ancillary departments such as laundry, dietary, central sterile supply department, and pharmacy, with probability proportional to size. Rosenberg Scale for Self-esteem, Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale, and ShiromeMelamed Burnout Measure were used as study tools.&#13;
Results: Among the 306 health-care workers, there were high levels of low self-esteem (48.4%), stress&#13;
(38.6%), and burnout (48.7%), with the lowest levels being among doctors. Those aged younger than 30&#13;
years had significantly lower self-esteem and greater stress. &#13;
Conclusions: Health-care workers with low self-esteem were nearly thrice more likely to suffer high&#13;
stress, Odds Ratio (OR) 1⁄4 2.84 (1.36e5.92), and those who were stressed had more than three times&#13;
higher chance of experiencing burnout, OR 1⁄4 3.6 (2.02e6.55). Path analysis showed that low self-esteem among health-care workers had a direct effect on burnout, as well as an indirect effect through stress (mediator variable). This study indicates the need for screening and counseling for low self-esteem, stress, and burnout as part of a periodic medical examination of all cadres of health workers.</text>
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                <text>Avita R. Johnson, Rakesh Jayappa, Manisha James, Avono Kulnu, Rajitha Kovayil, Bobby Joseph </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20267">
                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 3 2020</text>
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        <name>Burnout</name>
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        <name>Health-care workers</name>
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      <tag tagId="2017">
        <name>Jurnal Internasional Keperawatan</name>
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      <tag tagId="731">
        <name>Self-esteem</name>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 3 2020</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 3 2020&#13;
Developing Concentration Index of Industrial and Occupational Accidents: The Case of European Countries (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Accident concentration, Accident statistics, Concentration Index, European countries, Herfindahl-Hirschman index</text>
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                <text>Background: From only frequency rate of industrial accidents, it is difficult to define the industry&#13;
composition of accident statistics in a nation. This study aims to propose and develop a new index for&#13;
measuring the degree of concentration of industrial accidents using the concept of the Herfindahl-&#13;
Hirschman Index in the case of European countries.&#13;
Methods: Using the concept of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, the concentration index of accidents in the country is developed, and the conditions of European countries are compared using indexes of frequency rate and concentration ratio.&#13;
Results: The frequency rate and concentration ratio of fatal and nonfatal accidents in European countries are compared. According to the economic condition and geographical position, different patterns of accidents concentration are presented in terms of frequency rate and concentration ratio.&#13;
Conclusion: We develop the concentration index of industrial and occupational accidents that identifies&#13;
the industrial ratio of accident occurrence, and the differentiated strategy can be formulated such as&#13;
approaches to reducing frequency and prioritizing target industries.</text>
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                <text>Sanghoon Lee, Seong Rok Chang, Yongyoon Suh &#13;
</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20235">
                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20237">
                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 3 2020</text>
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        <name>Accident concentration</name>
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        <name>Accident statistics</name>
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        <name>Concentration Index</name>
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        <name>European countries</name>
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        <name>Herfindahl-Hirschman index</name>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 3 2020</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 3 2020&#13;
COVID-19 Risk Factors Among Health Workers: A Rapid Review (Review Article)</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>coronavirus, COVID-19, health worker, risk factor</text>
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                <text>Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) poses an important occupational health risk to health workers (HWs) that has attracted global scrutiny. To date, several thousand HWs globally have been reported as infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus that causes the disease. It is therefore a public health priority for policymakers to understand risk factors for this vulnerable group to avert occupational transmission. A rapid review was carried out on 20 April 2020 on Covid-19 risk factors among HWs in PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCOHost Web (Academic Search Complete, CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE with Full Text, CINAHL with Full Text, APA PsycInfo, Health SourcedConsumer Edition, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition) and WHO Global Database. We also searched for&#13;
preprints on the medRxiv database. We searched for reports, reviews, and primary observational studies (case control, case cross-over, cross-sectional, and cohort). The review included studies conducted among HWs with Covid-19 that reported risk factors irrespective of their sample size. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Lack of personal protective equipment, exposure to infected patients, work overload, poor infection control, and preexisting medical conditions were identified as risk factors for Covid-19 among HWs. In the context of Covid-19, HWs face an unprecedented occupational risk of morbidity&#13;
and mortality. There is need for rapid development of sustainable measures that protect HWs from the&#13;
pandemic.</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20223">
                <text>Malizgani Mhango, Mathias Dzobo, Itai Chitungo, Tafadzwa Dzinamarira</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20224">
                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20226">
                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20228">
                <text>English</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 3 2020</text>
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        <name>Coronavirus</name>
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        <name>COVID-19</name>
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        <name>health worker</name>
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        <name>Jurnal Internasional Keperawatan</name>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 3 2020</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 3 2020&#13;
Cognitive Ability in Midlife and Labor Market Participation Among Older Workers: Prospective Cohort Study With Register Follow-up (Original Article)</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20210">
                <text>Disability pension, I-S-T 2000 R, Intelligence, Retirement, Sickness absence, Unemployment</text>
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                <text>Background: The study aimed to determine the association of individual cognitive ability in late midlife with labor market participation among older workers.&#13;
Methods: This prospective cohort study estimates the risk of long-term sickness absence, disability&#13;
pension, early retirement, and unemployment from scores on the Intelligenz-Struktur-Test 2000R by&#13;
combining data from 5076 workers from the Copenhagen Aging and Midlife Biobank with a register on social transfer payments. Analyses were stepwise adjusted for age, gender, physical and psychosocial work environment, health behaviors, occupational social class, education, and chronic diseases. &#13;
Results: In the fully adjusted model, low cognitive ability (1 standard deviation below the mean for&#13;
each gender) and high cognitive ability (1 standard deviation above the mean for each gender) were&#13;
not associated with risk of any of the four labor market outcomes.&#13;
Conclusion: Individual cognitive ability in late midlife was not associated with risk of long-term sickness absence, disability pension, early retirement, and unemployment in the fully adjusted model. Thus, no direct effect of individual cognitive ability in late midlife was observed on the risk of permanently or temporarily leaving the labor market.</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20212">
                <text>Emil Sundstrup, Åse M. Hansen, Erik L. Mortensen, Otto M. Poulsen, Thomas Clausen, Reiner Rugulies , Anne Møller, Lars L. Andersen </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20213">
                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 3 2020&#13;
Chemical Exposure, Risk of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity, and Occupational Safety (Letter)</text>
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                <text>The study by Pérez-Crespo et al [1] reports interesting results about the prevalence of multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) among university researchers in Spain [1]. Surprisingly, they have found no difference in the prevalence of MCS between women and men [1]. This differs strikingly from that in all previous data. Consistent with&#13;
published literature, women are particularly at risk from chemical sensitivity caused by chemicals. We would like to recommend few additions to their study. </text>
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                <text>Paolo D. Pigatto, Anna Ronchi, Gianpaolo Guzzi</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 3 2020&#13;
Cancer Perceptions Among Smokeless Tobacco Users: A Qualitative Study of US Firefighters (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Prevalence rates of smokeless tobacco (SLT) use among firefighters are remarkably high and substantially higher than similar occupational groups and the general U.S. population. The purpose of this study was to explore the perspectives of fire service personnel regarding cancer and its associations with tobacco and SLT use.&#13;
Methods: This descriptive study used a qualitative approach. Key informant interviews were conducted in 39 career firefighters and fire service administration from across the U.S. Discussion were recorded, transcribed verbatim and transferred to NVivo software for narrative analysis. Topics explored included cancer perceptions, attitudes and beliefs, and cultural factors related to SLT use behaviors. &#13;
Results: Major themes that emerged among fire service personnel included concerns about cancer and its risk factors including firefighting tasks, such as fire overhaul operations, and from their lifestyle behaviors, such as alcohol and tobacco use. Firefighters also suggested a number of reasons for their increased SLT use, such as fire department tobacco-free policy and fire service culture.&#13;
Conclusion: The current study provides a rich foundation for future research, prevention, and intervention efforts for the fire service and research communities regarding tobacco and SLT use and cancer risk. Additional research on firefighters' cancer beliefs deserves future research in order to improve messaging about the risks of cancer due to firefighting. </text>
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                <text>Nattinee Jitnarin, Walker S.C. Poston, Sara A. Jahnke, Christopher K. Haddock, Hannah N. Kelley </text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 3 2020</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 3 2020&#13;
Business Cycle and Occupational Accidents in Korea (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Occupational accidents occur for a variety of reasons, such as unsafe behaviors of workers and insufficient safety equipment at the workplace, but there are also various economic and social factors that can impact working conditions and working environment. This study analyzed the relationship between changes in economic factors and the occurrence of occupational accidents in Korea. &#13;
Methods: Multilinear regression analysis was used as the analysis model. The general to specific method was also used, which consecutively removes statistically insignificant variables from a general model that includes dependent variables and lagged variables of dependent variables.&#13;
Results: The frequency of occupational accidents was found to have a statistically significant relationship to economic indicators. The monthly number of cases of occupational injury and disease and fatal occupational injuries were found to be closely related to manufacturing capacity utilization, differences in the production index in the services sector, and commencements of building construction. The increase in equipment investment indicators was found to reduce fatal occupational injuries.&#13;
Conclusion: The results of this study may be used to develop occupational accident trends or leading&#13;
indicators, which in turn can be used by organizations that manage and monitor occupational accidents toward taking administrative action designed to reduce occupational accidents. The results also imply&#13;
that short-term and mid- to long-term economic and social changes that can impact workers, work-&#13;
places and working conditions, and workplace organizations must be taken into account if more effective government policies are to be established and implemented toward further prevention of occupational accidents.</text>
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                <text>Dong Koo Kim, Sunyoung Park</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20152">
                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 3 2020</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 11 Issue 3 2020&#13;
Application of Fuzzy Logic for Predicting of Mine Fire in Underground Coal Mine (Original Article)</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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                <text>fire intensity, fuzzy logic model, mine fire prediction, spontaneous combustion</text>
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                <text>Background: Spontaneous combustion of coal is one of the factors which causes direct or indirect gas and dust explosion, mine fire, the release of toxic gases, loss of reserve, and loss of miners' life. To avoid these incidents, the prediction of spontaneous combustion is essential. The safety of miner's in the mining field can be assured if the prediction of a coal fire is carried out at an early stage.&#13;
Method: Adularya Underground Coal Mine which is fully mechanized with longwall mining method was&#13;
selected as a case study area. The data collected for 2017, by sensors from ten gas monitoring stations&#13;
were used for the simulation and prediction of a coal fire. In this study, the fuzzy logic model is used&#13;
because of the uncertainties, nonlinearity, and imprecise variables in the data. For coal fire prediction, CO, O2, N2, and temperature were used as input variables whereas fire intensity was considered as the output variable.The simulation of the model is carried out using the Mamdani inference system and run by the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox in MATLAB.&#13;
Results: The results showed that the fuzzy logic system is more reliable in predicting fire intensity with respect to uncertainties and nonlinearities of the data. It also indicates that the 1409 and 610/2B gas station points have a greater chance of causing spontaneous combustion and therefore require a precautional measure.&#13;
Conclusion: The fuzzy logic model shows higher probability in predicting fire intensity with the simultaneous application of many variables compared with Graham's index.</text>
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                <text>Esmatullah Danish, Mustafa Onder</text>
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A Taxonomy of the Common Tasks and the Development of a Risk Index for Physical Load Assessment in Nursing Job (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Nursing service is a nonroutine work with an excessive physical load and diverse tasks. This study derived representative common tasks based on the frequently occurring tasks with a high physical load in the nursing workers' daily work and developed indicators to evaluate the work risk by reflecting the characteristics of nonroutine work.&#13;
Methods: Common tasks were classified through the following stages: literature review, first focus group interview (FGI) with experts, first classification of common tasks, second FGI with hospital health managers, a survey of nursing service workers, and the final classification of common tasks for each task type. To develop an objective risk index for physical load assessment, we investigated the frequency and duration of the derived common tasks via survey.&#13;
Results: Nursing common tasks were categorized into six task types and 56 subtasks. To evaluate the&#13;
risks of various tasks in nonroutine works, three frequencies and three working time levels were defined by examining the task frequency and working hours. Exposure time was defined to reflect the characteristics of a nonroutine job. The final risk assessment was the product of the exposure time level and job intensity level. From this, four risk action levels were derived.&#13;
Conclusion: This study has the advantage of solving the problem of focusing on some tasks in evaluating&#13;
the physical load. It was meaningful in that a new risk assessment index based on exposure time was&#13;
proposed based on the development of an evaluation scale for frequency and time by reflecting the characteristics of nonroutine work.</text>
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