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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 12 Issue 1 2021</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 12 Issue 1 2021&#13;
How Effectively Safety Incentives Work? A Randomized Experimental Investigation (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>employee’s performance, health and safety, incentive and penalty, safety incentives, safety motivation</text>
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                <text>Background: Incentive and penalty (I/P) programs are commonly used to increase employees' safety&#13;
outcomes, but its influence on employees' safety outcomes is under-investigated. Moreover, under&#13;
developed economies lack safety culture and there is dearth of literature focusing on empirical studies&#13;
over there [1]. Based on these gaps, this study attempts to see the impact of I/P programs on safety outcomes in a developing country.&#13;
Methods: The study was carried out in three stages, where Stage I revealed that selected 45 organizations were deficit of safety culture and practices, while only three firms were found good at safety practices. At Stage II, these three firms were divided in two clusters (groups), and were probed further at Stage III. At this stage group, one was manipulated by providing incentives (experimental group) and employees' responses in terms of safety motivation and performance were noticed.&#13;
Results: It was observed that the experimental group's safety motivation and performance had improved (both for immediate and 1-month later performance). The results were further probed at Phase 3 (after 3 months), where it was found that the benefits of I/P programs were not long lasting and started replenishing.&#13;
Conclusion: Findings of the study helped researchers conclude that safety incentives have only short-term influence on safety outcomes, while a long-term and permanent solution should be found. </text>
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                <text>Ishfaq Ahmed , Asim Faheem</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 12 Issue 1 2021&#13;
Finding Pluto: An Analytics-Based Approach to Safety Data Ecosystems (Review Article)</text>
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                <text>big data, data science, safety</text>
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                <text>This review article addresses the role of safety professionals in the diffusion strategies for predictive analytics for safety performance. The article explores the models, definitions, roles, and relationships of safety professionals in knowledge application, access, management, and leadership in safety analytics. The article addresses challenges safety professionals face when integrating safety analytics in organizational settings in four operations areas: application, technology, management, and strategy. A review of existing conventional safety data sources (safety data, internal data, external data, and context data) is&#13;
briefly summarized as a baseline. For each of these data sources, the article points out how emerging&#13;
analytic data sources (such as Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things) broaden and challenge the scope of work and operational roles throughout an organization. In doing so, the article defines four perspectives on the integration of predictive analytics into organizational safety practice: the programmatic perspective, the technological perspective, the sociocultural perspective, and knowledge-organization perspective. The article posits a four-level, organizational knowledge-skills-abilities matrix for analytics integration, indicating key organizational capacities needed for each area. The work shows the benefits of organizational alignment, clear stakeholder categorization, and the ability to predict future safety performance.</text>
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                <text>Thomas T. Barker</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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Employment Status Change and New-Onset Depressive Symptoms in Permanent Waged Workers (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Depressive symptoms, Employment status, Permanent waged worker, Precarious worker, Unemployment</text>
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                <text>Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between changes in employment status&#13;
and new-onset depressive symptoms through a one-year follow-up of permanent waged workers.&#13;
Methods: We analyzed the open-source data from the Korea Welfare Panel Study. Using the 2017 data, we selected 2,314 permanent waged workers aged 19 to 59 years without depressive symptoms as a base group. The final analysis targeted 2,073 workers who were followed up in 2018. In 2018, there were five categories of employment status for workers who were followed up: permanent, precarious, unemployed, self-employed, and economically inactive. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the association between employment status change and new-onset depressive symptoms.&#13;
Results: Adjusted multiple logistic regression analysis showed that among male workers, workers who went from permanent status to being unemployed (odds ratio: 4.50, 95% confidence interval: 1.19 to 17.06) and from permanent status to being precarious workers (odds ratio: 3.15, 95% confidence interval: 1.30 to 7.65) had significantly high levels of new-onset depressive symptoms compared with those who retained their permanent employment status. There were no significant increases in new-onset depressive symptoms of male workers who went from permanent status to being self-employed or economically inactive. On the other hand, no significant differences were found among female workers.&#13;
Conclusion: Our study suggests that the change of employment status to precarious workers or unem-&#13;
ployment can cause new-onset depressive symptoms in male permanent waged workers.</text>
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                <text>Hyung Doo Kim, Shin-Goo Park</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 12 Issue 1 2021</text>
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        <name>Depressive symptoms</name>
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        <name>Jurnal Internasional Keperawatan</name>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 12 Issue 1 2021&#13;
Effect of Occupational Exposure to Herbicides on Oxidative Stress in Sprayers (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>2,4-D, glutathione (GSH), glyphosate, malondialdehyde (MDA), paraquat</text>
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                <text>Background: Herbicides such as glyphosate, paraquat, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid have been reported to cause adverse side effects through production of reactive oxygen species. However, there were no data representing the adverse effects of a mixture herbicide usage in farmers, especially the changes in oxidative marker and antioxidant defense. This study aimed to determine the urinary&#13;
malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) level in farmers using mixed herbicides.&#13;
Methods: Ninety-three farmers were recruited, and two spot urine samples (before and after work) were collected. The urinary MDA level was evaluated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assay, and the urinary GSH level was determined using the enzymatic recycling method.&#13;
Results: Sixty-two percent of the participants were men, and 59% of the participants worked in a farm for 20-40 years. The common combinations of herbicide usage were glyphosate with 2,4-dichlor-&#13;
ophenoxyacetic acid (36.5%). There was no significant difference between pre- and post-work urinary MDA and GSH levels among the 3 groups of herbicides. However, the urinary MDA levels in farmers using the combination of glyphosate and paraquat were significantly higher than those found in farmers using glyphosate alone. The associated factors with changes in MDA levels found that the exposure intensity index (B 1⁄4 0.154), the cumulative exposure intensity index (B 1⁄4 0.023), and wearing gloves while working (B 1⁄4 2.347) were found to be significantly associated with MDA level.&#13;
Conclusion: The results suggest that the combined use of glyphosate and paraquat caused a significant&#13;
increase in urinary MDA levels. Moreover, intensity of exposure to herbicide and wearing gloves were&#13;
associated with the level of MDA. </text>
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                <text>Unchisa Intayoung, Klintean Wunnapuk, Kanyapak Kohsuwan, Ratana Sapbamrer, Supakit Khacha-ananda </text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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COVID-19 as a Recognized Work-Related Disease: The Current Situation Worldwide (Short Communication)</text>
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                <text>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is a newly emerging infectious disease worldwide, can be categorized as an occupational disease, because employees, particularly in the healthcare system, can be infected at the workplace. As of December 15, 2020, we summarized the occupational safety and health practices in selected countries on the recognition of COVID-19 as one of the occupational risks. The situation has differed among countries, including the recognition status and whether a specific regulation existed. International organizations, namely the International Labour Organization, World Health Organization, and European Union, should plan and conduct studies on the work-relatedness of COVID-19, propose criteria for recognition, and add the infection to the occupational disease list to provide a basis for specific country regulations. Stakeholders should also act to adjust country-level legislation.</text>
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                <text>Abdulsamet Sandal , Ali N. Yildiz</text>
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COVID -19: Protection of Workers at the Workplace in Singapore (Short Communication)</text>
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                <text>The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in movement restrictions being instituted globally and the&#13;
cessation of work at many workplaces. However, during this period, essential services such as healthcare, law enforcement, and critical production and supply chain operations have been required to continue to function. In Singapore, measures were put in place to protect the workers from infection at the workplace, as well as to preserve the operational capability of the essential service in a COVID-19 pandemic environment. This paper critically analyses the measures that were implemented and discusses the extension to broader general industry.</text>
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                <text>Wee Tong Ng</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="20834">
                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 12 Issue 1 2021</text>
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Climate Warming and Occupational Heat and Hot Environment Standards in Thailand (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Background: During the period 2001 to 2016, the maximum temperatures in Thailand rose from 38-41o C to 42-44o C. The current occupational heat exposure standard of Thailand issued in 2006 is based on wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) defined for three workload levels without a workerest regimen. This study examined whether the present standard still protects most workers.&#13;
Methods: The sample comprised 168 heat acclimatized workers (90 in construction sites, 78 in&#13;
foundries). Heart rate and auditory canal temperature were recorded continuously for 2 hours. Workplace WBGT, relative humidity, and wind velocity were monitored, and the participants' workloads were estimated. Heat-related symptoms and signs were collected by a questionnaire.&#13;
Results: Only 55% of the participants worked in workplaces complying with the heat standard. Of them, 79% had auditory canal temperature  38.5o&#13;
C, compared with only 58% in noncompliant workplaces. 18% and 43% of the workers in compliant and noncompliant workplaces, respectively, had symptoms from heat stress, the trend being similar across all workload levels. An increase of one degree (C) in WBGT was associated with a 1.85-fold increase (95% confidence interval: 1.44-2.48) in odds for having symptoms.&#13;
Conclusion: Compliance with the current occupational heat standard protects 4/5 of the workers, whereas noncompliance reduces this proportion to one half. The reasons for noncompliance include the gaps and ambiguities in the law. The law should specify work/rest schedules; outdoor work should be identified as an occupational heat hazard; and the staff should include occupational personnel to manage&#13;
heat stress in establishments involving heat exposure. </text>
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                <text>Wantanee Phanprasit, Kannikar Rittaprom, Sumitra Dokkem, Aronrag C. Meeyai, Vorakamol Boonyayothin, Jouni J.K. Jaakkola, Simo Näyhä </text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 12 Issue 1 2021</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 12 Issue 1 2021&#13;
Burden of Neck Pain and Associated Factors Among Sewing Machine Operators of Garment Factories in Mekelle City, Northern Part of Ethiopia, 2018, A Cross-Sectional Study (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Neck pain is a major public health problem among sewing machine operators working in textile factories. Even though the textile industries are growing in number in Ethiopia, but there is a dearth of published studies on the prevalence of neck pain. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of neck pain among sewing machine operators of garment factories in Mekelle city.&#13;
Method: An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was implemented among 297 sewing machine operators' working in garment factories in Mekelle city. A systematic random sampling technique was used. Data were collected through interviews and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 23. Finally, variables with 95% confidence interval (CI): p &lt; 0.05 in the multivariate analysis were significantly declared.&#13;
Results: Two hundred ninety-seven sewing machine operators were enrolled, with 98.7% response rates.&#13;
In this study, the 12-month prevalence rate of neck pain was found to be 42.3% (95% CI: 36.6%-47.9%),&#13;
and variables like such as break time [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 5.888, 95% CI: (2.775-12.493)], working hours per day [AOR: 6.495, 95% CI: (2.216-19.038)], static posture [AOR: 4.487, 95% CI (1.640-12.275)], and repetitive activity [AOR: 4.519, 95% CI:(2.057-9.924)] were associated with neck pain.&#13;
Conclusion: In this study, neck pain is a major public health problem. Continuous work without break&#13;
time, working greater than 8 hours per day, sitting in the same position for greater than 2 hours, and high&#13;
repetitive activities were found significantly associated with neck pain. Owners and governmental bodies need to focus on developing preventive strategies and safety guidelines.</text>
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                <text>Gebremedhin H. Biadgo, Gebrerufael S. Tsegay, Sumeya A. Mohammednur, Berihu F. Gebremeskel</text>
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An Assessment of the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Toward Standard Precautions Among Health Workers From a Hospital in Northern Cyprus (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Background: The objective was to assess the knowledge level, attitude, and practice of health care workers towards standard precautions, and to identify the related factors. Furthermore, it was attempted to identify the proportion of having the experience of needle stick injuries (NSIs) and associated factors among participants.&#13;
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a teaching hospital among 233 health workers using&#13;
a self-administrated questionnaire. The questionnaire included eight knowledge items, seven practice items, and five attitude items. Based on the mean score of each category, responses were grouped into “satisfactory” and “unsatisfactory”. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done.&#13;
Results: The mean age of the participants 32.95 (SD  9.70) and 62.2% of them were women. 57.5% of the&#13;
staff had a satisfactory level of correct knowledge (&gt;5 correct answers), 37.3% had a satisfactory positive attitude (&gt;3 correct answers), and 30.9% had a satisfactory practice (&gt;3 correct answers) towards standard precautions. The occupation was one of the predictors as doctors were less likely to have satisfactory knowledge and practice compared to nurses (OR 1⁄4 0.269, 95% CI: 0.10e0.70 and OR 1⁄4 0.248, 95% CI: 0.08e0.77, respectively). Out of 174 participants, 31.6% of them reported experiencing NSIs and support staff were 71% less likely to experience NSIs compared to nurses &amp; paramedics.&#13;
Conclusion: The findings revealed a substandard adherence of standard precautions among participants, which highlighted the necessity of the provision of a periodic, tailored training program based on the occupation and risk exposure.</text>
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Acknowledgement of Reviewers</text>
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                <text>On behalf of the Editorial Board of Safety and Health at Work, the Editor-in-Chief gratefully acknowledges the following professionals for taking&#13;
their valuable time and contributing their sophisticated knowledge of occupational safety and health to review the manuscripts submitted to&#13;
the journal in 2020. Publication of qualified articles in the journal would not have successfully reached without the dedication of the reviewers.&#13;
We believe that this committed work among international professionals will protect and promote health and safety of workers globally&#13;
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