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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 12 Issue 2 2021</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 12 Issue 2 2021&#13;
A Hierarchical Solution Approach for Occupational Health and Safety Inspectors' Task Assignment Problem (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Occupational health and safety (OHS) is a significant interest of all governments to prevent workplace hazards. Although appropriate legislation and regulations are essentials for the protection of workers, they are solely not enough. Application of them in practice should be secured by an efficient inspection system. Fundamental components of an inspection system are inspectors and their audit tasks. Maintaining the fair balanced task assignment among inspectors strictly enhances the efficiency of the overall system.&#13;
Methods: This study proposes a two-phased goal programming approach for OHS inspectors' task as-&#13;
signments and presents a case study.&#13;
Results: The solution approach gives the balanced assignment of inspectors to the workplaces in&#13;
different cities of the country in the planning period. The obtained schedule takes into account the&#13;
distances covered by the work places and the number of the workplaces' employees to be audited and pays attention to the human factors by considering the preferences of the inspectors. The comparisons between the obtained optimal schedule and the implemented one that is produced manually show that the approach not only maintains the technical requirements of the problem, but also provides social and physical balance to the task assignment.&#13;
Conclusion: Both the approach and the application study are expected to offer fruitful inspirations in the area of safety management and policy and they provide a good guide for social policy and organizational aspects in the field of OHS inspectors' task assignment.</text>
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                <text>Feyzan Arikan , Songul K. Sozen</text>
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                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 12 Issue 2 2021</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 12 Issue 2 2021&#13;
A Comparative Study of the Methods to Assess Occupational Noise Exposures of Fish Harvesters (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Fishing safety, Noise measurement methods, Occupational noise exposure, Risk assessment</text>
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                <text>Background: Noise-induced hearing loss is a well-known occupational disease that affects many fish&#13;
harvesters from many fisheries worldwide, whose risk factor is prolonged exposure to hazardous noise&#13;
levels. To date, academic research activities and regulatory bodies have not provided any comparative analysis among the existing methods to assess noise exposure levels of fish harvesters. This paper provides a comparison of four relevant assessment methods of noise exposure, examining the results of a measurement campaign performed onboard small fishing vessels from Newfoundland and Labrador.&#13;
Methods: We traveled onboard 11 vessels engaged in multiple fisheries from Newfoundland and Lab-&#13;
rador and performed extensive noise exposure surveys using the simplified International Maritime Organization method, the full-day measurement method, and the two methods provided by ISO 9612:2009, the task-based method and job-based method (JBM).&#13;
Results: The results showed that the four methods yield similar values when the noise components are&#13;
dominated by the engine and auxiliaries (steady-state sources); when noise components are dominated by the fishing gear, task-based method and the simplified International Maritime Organization method estimates are less accurate than JBM, using full-day measurements as baseline.&#13;
Conclusion: The JBM better assesses noise exposure in small-scale fisheries, where noise exposure has significant variance and uncertainties on the exposure levels are higher.</text>
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                <text>Giorgio Burella, Lorenzo Moro</text>
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                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 12 Issue 2 2021</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 12 Issue 2 2021&#13;
“Beach Lifeguards0 Sun Exposure and Sun Protection in Spain” (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Beach lifeguards, Dosimeters, Photoprotection, SED, Sun exposure</text>
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                <text>Background: Sunburn is the main avoidable cause of skin cancer. Beach lifeguards spend many hours&#13;
exposed to the effects of solar radiation during their work day, precisely at times of the year when levels&#13;
of solar irradiation are highest. The aim of this study is to quantify the risk to beach lifeguards of sun&#13;
exposure.&#13;
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the Western Costa del Sol, southern&#13;
Spain, during the summer of 2018. The research subjects were recruited during a skin cancer prevention course for beach lifeguards. All participants were invited to complete a questionnaire on their habits, attitudes, and knowledge related to sun exposure. In addition, ten were specially monitored using personal dosimeters for three consecutive days, and the results were recorded in a photoprotection diary. A descriptive analysis (mean and standard deviation for the quantitative variables) was performed, and&#13;
inter-group differences were evaluated using the ManneWhitney U test.&#13;
Results: Two hundred fifteen lifeguards completed the questionnaire, and 109 met the criteria for in-&#13;
clusion in this analysis. The mean age was 23.8 years (SD: 5.1), 78.0% were male, 71.5% were phototype III or IV (Fitzpatrick's phototype), and 77.1% had experienced at least one painful sunburn during the&#13;
previous summer. The mean daily personal ultraviolet exposure per day, the minimal erythema dose, and the standard erythema dose, in J/m2, were 634.7 [standard deviation (SD): 356.2], 2.5 (SD: 1.4) and 6.35 (SD: 3.6), respectively.&#13;
Conclusion: Beach lifeguards receive very high doses of solar radiation during the work day and experience correspondingly high rates of sunburn. Intervention strategies to modify their sun exposure&#13;
behavior and working environment are necessary to reduce the risk of skin cancer for these workers and&#13;
to promote early diagnosis of the disease.</text>
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                <text>Magdalena de Troya Martín, Nuria Blázquez Sánchez, Cristina García Harana, Ma Carmen Alarcón Leiva, José Aguilera Arjona, Francisco Rivas Ruiz, Ma Victoria de Gálvez Aranda</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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