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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 2 2022</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 2 2022&#13;
Comparison of Overall Immunity Levels among Workers at Grape Orchard, Rose Greenhouse, and Open-Field Onion Farm (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Cytokines, Agricultural workers, Immunity, Immunoglobulins, Natural killer cell</text>
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                <text>Background: Occupational hazards in crop farms vary diversely based on different field operations as soil management, harvesting processes, pesticide, or fertilizer application. We aimed at evaluating the&#13;
immunological status of crop farmers, as limited systematic investigations on immune alteration involved with crop farming have been reported yet.&#13;
Methods: Immunological parameters including plasma immunoglobulin level, major peripheral immune cells distribution, and level of cytokine production from activated T cell were conducted. Nineteen grape&#13;
orchard, 48 onion open-field, and 21 rose greenhouse farmers were participated.&#13;
Results: Significantly low proportion of natural killer (NK) cell, a core cell for innate immunity, was revealed in the grape farmers (19.8  3.3%) in comparison to the onion farmers (26.4  3.1%) and the rose farmers (26.9  2.5%), whereas cytotoxic T lymphocyte proportion was lower in the grape and the onion farmers than the rose farmers. The proportion of NKT cell, an immune cell implicated with allergic response, was significantly higher in the grape (2.3  0.3%) and the onion (1.6  0.8%) farmers compared with the rose farmers (1.0  0.4%). A significantly decreased interferon-gamma:interleukin-13 ratio was observed from ex vivo stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of grape farmers compared with the other two groups. The grape farmers revealed the lowest levels of plasma IgG1 and IgG4, and their plasma IgE level was not significantly different from that of the onion or the rose farmers.&#13;
Conclusion: Our finding suggests the high vulnerability of workplace-mediated allergic immunity in grape orchard farmers followed by open-field onion farmers and then the rose greenhouse farmers.</text>
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                <text>Anju Maharjan, Ravi Gautam, JiHun Jo, Manju Acharya, DaEun Lee, Pramod Bahadur K C, Jin Gim, Sojung Sin, Hyocher Kim, ChangYul Kim, &#13;
SooYeon Lee, SooJin Lee, Yong Heo, HyoungAh Kim </text>
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                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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                <text>June 2022</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>English</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 2 2022</text>
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        <name>Agricultural workers</name>
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        <name>cytokines</name>
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        <name>Immunity</name>
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        <name>Immunoglobulins</name>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 2 2022</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 2 2022&#13;
Global Policy Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of the ICOH Survey (Original article)</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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                <text>COVID-19, ICOH, Public health policies, Survey</text>
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                <text>Background: On the basis of its role for the development of occupational health research, information, good practices, the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH) launched the present&#13;
survey to collect information on public health and prevention policies put in place by the governments of the countries in the world to contain the pandemic.&#13;
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online questionnaire focused on COVID-19 data, public health policies, prevention measures, support measures for economy, work, and education, personal protective equipment, intensive care units, contact tracing, return to work, and the role of ICOH against COVID-19. The questionnaire was administered to 113 ICOH National Secretaries and senior OSH experts. Collected data refer to the period ranging from the beginning of the pandemic in each country to June 30, 2020.&#13;
Results: A total of 73 questionnaires from 73 countries around the world were considered valid, with a 64.6% response rate. Most of the respondents (71.2%) reported that the state of emergency was declared&#13;
in their country, and 86.1% reported lockdown measures. Most of the respondents (66.7%) affirmed that the use of face masks was compulsory in their country. As for containment measures, 97.2% indicated that mass gatherings (meetings) were limited. Regarding workplace closing, the most affected sector was entertainment (90.1%).&#13;
Conclusion: The results of this survey are useful to gain a global view on COVID-19 policy responses at country level.</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="22774">
                <text>Bruna M. Rondinone, Antonio Valenti, Valeria Boccuni, Erika Cannone,&#13;
Fabio Boccuni, Diana Gagliardi, Pierluca Dionisi, Caterina Barillari , Sergio Iavicoli</text>
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                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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                <text>June 2022</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 2 2022</text>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 2 2022</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 2 2022&#13;
Association Between Insomnia and Constipation: A Multicenter Three-year Cross-sectional Study Using Shift Workers’ Health Check-up Data (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Multicenter study, Constipation, Insomnia, Shift work</text>
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                <text>Background: Although insomnia and constipation are highly prevalent worldwide, studies examining a possible association between them are lacking. We examined the relationship between insomnia and&#13;
constipation in shift workers who have a high prevalence of insomnia and other diseases.&#13;
Methods: This study had a multicenter cross-sectional design and conducted using health examination data including self-reported questionnaires. In total, 12,879 and 4,650 shift workers were enrolled in&#13;
Severance Hospital and Wonju Severance Hospital, respectively, during 2015-2017. Multivariate logistic regression models and subgroup analysis were performed in each center with the same protocol, using a&#13;
common data model.&#13;
Results: The mean age of the total population was 44.35 (standard deviation 1⁄4 8.75); the proportion of males was 56.9%. Female sex, being underweight and non-smoker were strongly associated with an&#13;
increased risk of constipation symptom (p &lt; 0.001). Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using ORs of both centers with weights; there was a significant doseeresponse relationship (sub-threshold 1.76&#13;
[95% confidence interval [CI] 1.62e1.91]; moderate 2.28 [95% CI 2.01e2.60]; severe 4.15 [95% CI 3.18 e5.41] in the final model, p for trend &lt; 0.001). Subgroup analysis performed by stratifying sex and&#13;
pooled ORs showed a similar trend to that of the entire group.&#13;
Conclusion: We observed a strong correlation between insomnia and constipation in this population. Our findings may help in formulating guidelines and policies to improve quality of life in shift workers&#13;
through the management of sleep quality and proper bowel function. This study is the first to report this relationship among people working in shifts.</text>
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                <text>Byung-Yoon Yun, Juho Sim, Jin-Ha Yoon, Sung-Kyung Kim</text>
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                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="22691">
                <text>English</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 2 2022</text>
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        <name>Constipation</name>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 2 2022</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 2 2022&#13;
Burnout and Long-term Sickness Absence From the Teaching Function: A Cohort Study (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Absenteeism, Burnout, Longitudinal studies, Occupational health</text>
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                <text>Background: The present objective was to verify whether burnout (emotional exhaustion [EE], depersonalization [DP] and low professional efficacy [PE]) is a risk factor for long-term sickness absence (LTSA;&#13;
30 consecutive days) from the teaching role.&#13;
Methods: This was a prospective cohort study with two years of follow-up that investigated 509 elementary and high-school teachers. Burnout was identified by Maslach Burnout Inventory. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to adjust for possible confounders.&#13;
Results: The incidence of LTSA was 9.4%. High EE levels were associated with LTSA in the crude analysis, but the association lost statistical significance after adjustments (for sex, age, perception of work-life&#13;
balance, general self-rated health, chronic pain and depression). High DP levels were associated with this outcome, even after all adjustments (relative risk 1⁄4 1.80; 95% confidence interval: 1.05e3.09). Low&#13;
PE levels were not related to LTSA.&#13;
Conclusion: The results reinforce the need to improve teachers’ work conditions to reduce burnout, particularly DP, and its consequences.</text>
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                <text>Denise A.J. Salvagioni, Arthur E. Mesas, Francine N. Melanda, Alberto D. González, Selma M. de Andrade</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 2 2022&#13;
Effectiveness of a Training Program Based on Stress Management on NEDSA Staff and Line Staff (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Background: The purpose of present study was to determine the effectiveness of training program based on job stress management in NEDSA and line staff. &#13;
Methods: The study method of this study was quantitative and quasi-experimental research Methods: From the statistical population (all employees of the NEDSA and line staff in 2020e2021), 30 of these&#13;
people were selected by judgmental sampling method and considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The participants were first matched based on age and education and were randomly divided into&#13;
experimental and control groups. First, pre-test was taken from both groups (Job Stress Questionnaire). The experimental group was presented with a job stress management training package and no protocol was presented in the control group. After the sessions, post-test was received from both groups (experimental and control). After two months, a follow-up test was performed.&#13;
Results: The results were entered into SPSS-24 software and analyzed. The results of repeated measure showed high effectiveness of the job stress management package (researcher-made). The results showed&#13;
that the job stress management training package showed 67.5% effectiveness and also the training effect of job stress management training was stable for two months (follow-up).&#13;
Conclusion: Based on these results, Training program based on stress management can be effective in military staff.</text>
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                <text>Esfandiar Azad, Bagher Hassanvand, Mohsen Eskandari</text>
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The Characteristics of Accepted Work-related Injuries and Diseases Claims in the Australian Coal Mining Industry (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Coal mining is a hazardous industry. The purpose of the study is to identify the nature of occupational injuries and diseases among coal miners and to determine the factors that affect the rate of&#13;
injury and duration of time loss from work.&#13;
Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using accepted workers’ compensation claims data of 30,390 Australian coal miners between July 2003 and June 2017.&#13;
Results: Musculoskeletal and fracture conditions accounted for approximately 60% of claims in all occupational groups. Cox regression analysis showed that older age and female gender were significant&#13;
predictors of longer time off work. Injury types and occupations were associated with work time loss: mental health conditions, and machine operators and drivers had significantly longer durations of time&#13;
off work. &#13;
Conclusion: Future research can further address how these factors led to longer time off work so that coal industry regulators, employers, and healthcare providers can target interventions more effectively to&#13;
these at-risk workers. </text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 2 2022&#13;
Prevalence of Accident Occurrence Among Scientific Laboratory Workers of the Public University in Lebanon and the Impact of Safety Measures (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Workers are exposed to several risks in academic laboratories due to the presence of potentially hazardous substances. The main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of ac-&#13;
cident occurrence and associated risk factors among laboratory workers at the scientific laboratories of the public university in Lebanon and the impact of safety measures training and availability.&#13;
Methods: In this observational study, a survey was conducted for one year in scientific laboratories at faculties of the public university.&#13;
Results: Among the participants (N 1⁄4 220), 45.0% have had accidents; the main cause was exposure to chemicals (73.7%) and more specifically by inhalation (45.4%). Females (85.9%) were more exposed to&#13;
accidents than males. Laboratory workers with a master’s degree, a full-time schedule, and more than ten years of experience were significantly more exposed to accidents (p &lt; 0.05). A significant association was found between accident occurrence and training on management of hazardous products (p 1⁄4 0.044), risks related to workplace (p 1⁄4 0.030), eyewash and emergency shower (p &lt; 0.001), first aid (p 1⁄4 0.012), and facial protection availability (p 1⁄4 0.019). In spite of the lack of safety culture and efficient training on laboratory safety, participants have shown a very good perception regarding safety measures to be applied in case of work accidents.&#13;
Conclusion: Based on our findings, the prevalence of accident occurrence is elevated among lab workers at the public university. The impact of regular training on laboratory safety preventive measures is of&#13;
great importance to ensure the efficiency of occupational health and safety in scientific laboratories. </text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 2 2022&#13;
Developing the Vulnerability Factor Structure Affecting Injuries and Health Problems Among Migrant Seafood Processing Industry Workers (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Background: The vulnerability of international migrant workers is on the rise, affecting the frequency of occupational accidents at workplaces worldwide. If migrant workers are managed in the same way as native workers, the consequences on safety assurance and risk management will be significant. This study aimed to develop the vulnerability factor model for migrant workers in seafood processing industries because of significant risk-laden labor of Thailand, which could be a solution to control the risk effectively.&#13;
Methods: A total of 569 migrant workers were surveyed (432 Burmese and 137 Cambodian), beginning with 40 initial vulnerability factors identified in the questionnaire established from experts. The data were analyzed through descriptive analysis; exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to ascertain the model.&#13;
Results: The result of content validity &gt;0.67 and the Cronbach’s alpha of 0.957 specified the high reliability of 40 factors. The EFA indicated a total variance of 65.49%. The final CFA validated the model and had an empirical fitting; chi-square 1⁄4 85.34, Adjust Goodness-of-Fit Index 1⁄4 0.96, and root mean square error of approximation 1⁄4 0.016. The structure concluded with three dimensions and 18 factors. Dimension 1 of the structure, “multicultural safety operation,” contained 12 factors; Dimension 2, “well-being,” contained four factors; and Dimension 3, “communication technology,” contained two factors.&#13;
Conclusion: The vulnerability factor structure developed in this study included three dimensions and 18 factors that were significantly empirical. The knowledge enhanced safety management in the context of vulnerability factor structure for migrant workers at the workplace.</text>
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                <text>Itchaya Jiaranai , Preeda Sansakorn, Junjira Mahaboon</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 2 2022</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 2 2022&#13;
Hazard Levels of Cooking Fumes in Republic of Korea Schools (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Background and Purpose: In 2021, lung cancer in school food workers was first recognized as an occupational cancer. The classification of the carcinogenicity of cooking fumes by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) was based on Chinese epidemiological data. This study aimed to determine the hazard levels of school cooking fumes in Korea.&#13;
Materials and Methods: Based on public school cafeterias in one area, 25 locations were selected for the survey according to the number per school type, ventilation states, and environmental pre-assessments&#13;
of cafeterias. Two inside cooking areas using a heat source and one outside cooking area were selected as control measurement points. Measurements of CO, CO2, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), including benzene, formaldehyde, and particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, PM1, respectively), were taken. The concentrations and patterns of each substance in the kitchens were compared with the outdoor air quality.&#13;
Result: Known carcinogens, such as the concentrations of PAHs, formaldehyde, TVOC (benzene), and particulate matter in school cooking fumes, were all detected at similar or slightly higher levels than&#13;
those found outside. Additionally, substances were detected at relatively low concentrations compared to the Chinese cooking fumes reported in the literature. However, the short-term exposure to high concentrations of CO (or composite exposure with CO2) and PM2.5 in this study were shown. &#13;
Conclusion: The school cooking fumes in South Korea was a relatively less harmful than Chinese cooking&#13;
fumes, however short-term, high exposure of toxic substances can cause a critical health effect.</text>
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                <text>Iu-Jin Lee, Sang-Gil Lee, Bo-Hwa Choi , Hoe-Kyeong Seo, Ji-Hyung Choi</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 2 2022</text>
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Factors Associated With the Illness of Nursing Professionals Caused by COVID-19 in Three University Hospitals in Brazil (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has demonstrated the importance of implementing strategic management that prioritizes the safety of frontline nurse professionals. In this&#13;
sense, this research was aimed at identifying factors associated with the illness of nursing professionals caused by COVID-19 according to socio-demographic, clinical, and labor variables.&#13;
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three Brazilian university hospitals with 859 nursing professionals, which include nurses, technicians, and nursing assistants, between November 2020 and February 2021. We present data using absolute and relative frequency. We used Chi-square test for hypothesis testing and multiple logistic regression for predictive analysis and chances of occurrence.&#13;
Results: The rate of nursing professionals affected by COVID-19 was 41.8%, and the factors associated with contamination were the number of people in the same household with COVID-19 and obesity. Being a&#13;
nurse was a protective factor when the entire nursing team was considered. The model is significant, and its variables represent 56.61% of the occurrence of COVID-19 in nursing professionals.&#13;
Conclusion: Obesity and living in the same household as other people affected by COVID-19 increases the risk of contamination by this new coronavirus.</text>
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                <text>Larissa Bertacchini de Oliveira, Luana Mendes de Souza, Fábia Maria de Lima, Jack Roberto Silva Fhon, Vilanice Alves de Araújo Püschel, Fábio da Costa Carbogim</text>
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