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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 3 2022</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 3 2022&#13;
Workability and Life Satisfaction: Effects of Workers’ Positive Perceptions on Their Return to Jobs (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Industrial management, Safety management, Policy analysis, Psychological recovery, Mental health</text>
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                <text>Background: The death rate of workers due to industrial accidents in South Korea (3.61 persons in 2017) is higher than the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development average (2.43) and the fifth&#13;
highest among Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development member countries. Although the pandemic of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has changed, the socioeconomic aspects of Korean society, the number of Koreans suffering accidents and the number of deaths in 2020 have increased. It is necessary to take measures to prevent accidents and make comprehensive efforts to return to work. This study proposes research questions about the effect of workers’ positive perception on whether to work after accidents and the impact of the experience of rehabilitation services on the return to work. &#13;
Methods: This research performed a panel logistic regression analysis using data on workers compensation insurance in Korea for two years (2018-2019).&#13;
Results: This research finds that workers’ positive perceptions of workability and life satisfaction contributed affirmatively to their re-employment. Several factors related to employment (e.g., work&#13;
period, the number of job qualifications) also positively affect their return to work. However, the experience of rehabilitation services did not have a significant effect on re-employment. The variables of&#13;
their health conditions (e.g., disability grade, feelings of health problems, age) negatively influenced their return to jobs.&#13;
Conclusion: These results suggest the importance of workers’ mental recovery and the need to innovate rehabilitation services for their employment. Positive thinking and self-rehabilitation could be critical for workers, parallel with social welfare policies.</text>
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                <text>Dongsuk Kang</text>
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                <text>Elsevier Korea LLC</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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        <name>Industrial management</name>
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        <name>Jurnal Internasional Keperawatan</name>
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        <name>mental health</name>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 3 2022&#13;
The Relationship between Hospital Selection by Employer and Disabilities in Occupational Accidents in Korea (Original Article)</text>
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                <text>Background: In the event of an industrial accident, the appropriate choice of hospital is important for worker health and prognosis. This study investigates whether the choice of hospital by the employer in&#13;
the case of industrial accidents affects the prognosis of injured employees. &#13;
Methods: Data from the 2018 Panel Study of Workers’ Compensation Insurance in Korea were used in an unmatched case-controlled study. The exposure variable is “hospital selection by an employer,” and the&#13;
outcome variable is ‘worker’s disability.” Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated by modified Poisson regression and adjusted for age, gender, underlying disease, injury severity, and workplace size and stratified by industrial classification. The group at increased risk was analyzed and stratified by age, gender, and area.&#13;
Results: In the construction industry, hospital selection by the employer was significantly associated with increased risk of disability (adjusted OR 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20-1.32) and severe&#13;
disability (adjusted OR 1.38; 95% CI: 1.08-1.76) among the injured. Female and younger workers not living in the Seoul capital area were more at risk of disability and severe disability than those living in the&#13;
Seoul capital area.&#13;
Conclusions: Hospital selection by employers affects the prognosis of workers injured in an industrial accident. For protecting workers’ health and safety, workplace emergency medical systems should be improved, and the selection of appropriate hospitals to supply treatment should be reviewed. </text>
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                <text>Joonho Ahn, Min Jang, Hyoungseob Yoo, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 3 2022&#13;
Risk Factors for COVID-19 Infection Among Healthcare Workers. A First Report From a Living Systematic Review and meta-Analysis (Review Article)</text>
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                <text>Health care workers (HCWs) are more than ten times more likely to be infected with coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) than the general population, thus demonstrating the burden of COVID-19 among HCWs. Factors that expose HCWs to a differentially high-risk of COVID-19 acquisition are important to elucidate, enable appropriate public health interventions to mitigate against high risk and reduce adverse outcomes from the infection. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize and critically analyze the existing evidence on SARS-CoV-2 risk factors among HCWs. With no geographical limitation, we included studies, in any country, that reported (i) the PCR laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 as an independent variable (ii) one or more COVID-19 risk factors among HCWs with risk estimates (relative risk, odds ratio, or hazard ratio) (iii) original, quantitative study design, and published in English or Mandarian. Our initial search resulted in 470 articles overall, however, only 10 studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. Out of the 10 studies included in the review, inade-&#13;
quate/lack of protective personal equipment, performing tracheal intubation, and gender were the most common risk factors of COVID-19. Based on the random effects adjusted pooled relative risk, HCWs who reported the use of protective personal equipment were 29% (95% CI: 16% to 41%) less likely to test positive for COVID-19. The study also revealed that HCWs who performed tracheal intubations were 34%&#13;
(95% CI: 14% to 57%) more likely to test positive for COVID-19. Interestingly, this study showed that female HCWs are at 11% higher risk (RR 1.11 95% CI 1.01e1.21) of COVID-19 than their male counterparts. &#13;
This article presents initial findings from a living systematic review and meta-analysis, therefore, did not&#13;
yield many studies; however, it revealed a significant insight into better understanding COVID-19 risk factors among HCWs; insights important for devising preventive strategies that protect them from this&#13;
infection.</text>
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                <text>Tafadzwa Dzinamarira, Sphamandla Josias Nkambule, Mbuzeleni Hlongwa, Malizgani Mhango, Patrick Gad Iradukunda, Itai Chitungo, Mathias Dzobo, Munyaradzi Paul Mapingure , Innocent Chingombe, Moreblessing Mashora, Roda Madziva, Helena Herrera , Pelagia Makanda , James Atwine,  Elliot Mbunge, Godfrey Musuka, Grant Murewanhema, Bernard Ngara </text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 3 2022&#13;
Preventive Measures Against COVID-19 in Small- and Mid-sized Enterprises from an Early Stage of the Epidemic in Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk-do (Original article)</text>
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                <text>COVID-19, Epidemic, Preventive measures, Small- and medium-sized enterprises</text>
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                <text>Background: In the early stage of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, small- and mid sized enterprises (SMEs) may be an important transmission consideration. The study aimed to identify&#13;
the pattern of COVID-19 prevention measures during the outbreaks in Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk-do at the early stage of COVID-19. Moreover, we investigated whether SME size and past experiences affected the preventive measures implemented in the region.&#13;
Methods: A survey detailing the general characteristics and implementation of 12 preventive activities was conducted in 122 SMEs in Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk-do. The survey was analyzed by size&#13;
and operation period. &#13;
Results: The study subjects consisted of 53 (43.4%) workplaces with 1e5 employees, 50 (40.9%) workplaces with 6e30 employees, and 19 (15.6%) workplaces with 31e49 employees. The lowest three items among those surveyed were ‘symptomatic workers to stay home for 3e4 days’ (17.2%), ‘work remotely’ (18.9%), and ‘video meetings’ (20.5%). There were significant differences in the rate of several preventive&#13;
measures implemented. The larger sized SMEs, the higher the number of implementations (p &lt; 0.01). The operation period had no significant relationship with the implementation of preventive measures.&#13;
The same pattern was observed in multiple generalized linear regression with covariate adjustment. &#13;
Conclusion: Preventive measures among SMEs with fewer than 50 employees were identified. Even within SMEs, a gap in preventive measures according to size was confirmed. To prevent the spread of&#13;
infection and protect workers’ right to health, different support for different sized SMEs is necessary </text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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Perceived Causes of Work-Related Sick Leave Among Hospital Nurses in Norway: A Prepandemic Study (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Although sick leave is a complex phenomenon, it is believed that there is potential for prevention at the workplace. However, little is known about this potential and what specific measures should be implemented. The purpose of the study was to identify perceived reasons to take work-related sick leave and to suggest preventive measures. The study was completed before the COVID-19 pandemic&#13;
emerged, and the risk factors identified may have been amplified during the pandemic.&#13;
Methods: An in-depth cross-sectional survey was conducted across a randomly selected sample of hospital nurses in Norway. The national sample comprised 1,297 nurses who participated in a survey about their sick leave during the previous 6 months. An open-ended question about perceived reasons for work-related sick leave was included to gather qualitative information.&#13;
Results: Among hospital nurses, 27% of the last occurring sick leave incidents were perceived to be work-related. The most common reasons were high physical workload, high work pace, sleep problems,&#13;
catching a viral or bacterial infection from patients or colleagues, and low staffing.&#13;
Conclusions: Over a quarter of the last occurring sick leave incidents among Norwegian hospital nurses are potentially preventable. To retain and optimize scarce hospital nursing resources, strategies to reduce&#13;
work-related sick leave may provide human and financial benefits. Preventive measures may include careful monitoring of nurses’ workload and pace, optimizing work schedules to reduce the risk of sleep problems, and increasing staffing to prevent stress and work overload.</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 3 2022</text>
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Occupational Exposure to Refractory Ceramic Fibers in the Semiconductor Scrubber Manufacturing Industry (Original article)</text>
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High-temperature insulation&#13;
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Work environment</text>
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                <text>Background: Refractory ceramic fibers (RCFs) are a suspected carcinogen but have been widely used as insulations. Depending on the temperature, RCFs can transform into crystalline SiO2, which is a&#13;
carcinogen that can be present in the air during bulk RCF handling. This study analyzed the physicochemical and morphological characteristics of RCFs at high temperatures and determined the exposure levels during the semiconductor scrubber maintenance. &#13;
Methods: Sampling was conducted at a company that manufactures semiconductor scrubbers using RCFs as insulation. Bulk RCF samples were collected both before and after exposure to a scrubber temperature of 700C. Airborne RCFs were collected during scrubber maintenance, and their characteristics were analyzed using microscopes.&#13;
Results: The components of bulk RCFs were SiO2 and Al2O3, having an amorphous structure. Airborne RCFs were morphologically different from bulk RCFs in size, which could negatively affect maintenance&#13;
workers’ health. 58% of airborne RCFs correspond to the size of thoracic and respirable fibers. RCFs did not crystallize at high temperatures. The exposure caused by airborne RCFs during the scrubber frame assembly and insulation replacement was higher than the occupational exposure limit. &#13;
Conclusion: Workers conducting insulation replacement are likely exposed to airborne RCFs above safe exposure limits. As RCFs are suspected carcinogens, this exposure should be minimized through pre-&#13;
vention and precautionary procedures.</text>
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                <text>Seungwhan Song, Sunju Kim, Donghyeon Kim, Chungsik Yoon</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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Musculoskeletal Model for Assessing Firefighters’ Internal Forces and Occupational Musculoskeletal Disorders During Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus Carriage (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Firefighters are required to carry self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), which increases the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. This study assessed the newly recruited firefighters’ internal forces and potential musculoskeletal disorders when carrying SCBA. The effects of SCBA strap lengths were also evaluated.&#13;
Methods: Kinematic parameters of twelve male subjects running in a control condition with no SCBA equipped and three varying-strapped SCBAs were measured using 3D inertial motion capture. Subsequently, motion data and predicted ground reaction force were inputted for subject-specific musculoskeletal modeling to estimate joint and muscle forces.&#13;
Results: The knee was exposed to the highest internal force when carrying SCBA, followed by the rectus femoris and hip, while the shoulder had the lowest force compared to the no-SCBA condition. Our model also revealed that adjusting SCBA straps length was an efficient strategy to influence the force that occurred at the lumbar spine, hip, and knee regions. Grey relation analysis indicated that the deviation of&#13;
the center of mass, step length, and knee flexion-extension angle could be used as the predictor of musculoskeletal disorders.&#13;
Conclusion: The finding suggested that the training of the newly recruits focuses on the coordinated movement of muscle and joints in the lower limb. The strap lengths around 98-105 cm were also recommended. The findings are expected to provide injury interventions to enhance the occupational health and safety of the newly recruited firefighters. </text>
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Influencing Factors of High PTSD Among Medical Staff During COVID-19: Evidences From Both Meta-analysis and Subgroup Analysis (Review Article)</text>
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                <text>Background: PTSD (Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD) had a great impact on health care workers during the COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019, COVID-19). Better knowledge of the prevalence of PTSD&#13;
and its risk factors is a major public health problem. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence and important risk factors of PTSD among medical staff during the COVID-19.&#13;
Methods: The databases were searched for studies published during the COVID-19, and a PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis) compliant systematic review&#13;
(PROSPERO-CRD 42021278970) was carried out to identify articles from multiple databases reporting the prevalence of PTSD outcomes among medical staff. Proportion random effect analysis, I 2 statistic, quality assessment, subgroup analysis, and sensitivity analysis were carried out.&#13;
Results: A total of 28 cross-sectional studies and the PTSD results of doctors and nurses were summarized from 14 and 27 studies: the prevalences were 31% (95% CI [confidence interval, CI]: 21%-40%) and&#13;
38% (95% CI: 30%-45%) in doctors and nurses, respectively. The results also showed seven risks (p &lt; 0.05): long working hours, isolation wards, COVID-19 symptoms, nurses, women, fear of infection, and pre-existing mental illness. Two factors were of borderline significance: higher professional titles and married.&#13;
Conclusion: Health care workers have a higher prevalence of PTSD during COVID-19. Health departments should provide targeted preventive measures for medical staff away from PTSD.</text>
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                <text>Guojia Qi, Ping Yuan, Miao Qi, Xiuli Hu, Shangpeng Shi, Xiuquan Shi</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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ICOH Statement on Protecting the Occupational Safety and Health of Migrant Workers ()Position Paper</text>
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                <text>Globally, it is estimated that the number of people living outside of their country of origin reached 281 million in 2020. The primary drive of those migrants when migrating voluntarily is work to increase their income and provide for their families left behind in their home countries. Those who migrate immediately seek means of income to sustain themselves through a perilous process as currently evidenced in the war in Ukraine and not too long ago in Syria and Venezuela. Unfortunately, migrant workers are globally known to predominantly be working in “4-D jobs”d dirty, dangerous, and difficult and discriminatory; the fourth D was recently added to acknowledge the discriminatory aspect and other&#13;
social determinants of health migrant workers face in their host country while exposed to precarious work. Consequently, migrant workers are at considerable risk of work-related illnesses and injury but their health needs are critically overlooked in research and policy. Recognizing the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights “Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment”, we cannot consider any human life e thus, the life of migrant workers e as dispensable through a structural discriminatory process that undervalues their occupational safety and health, livelihood and the contribution these workers bring to&#13;
their host countries. This was seen during the preparation for the upcoming world cup in Qatar where migrant workers were exposed to a multiplicity of serious hazards including deadly heat hazards.</text>
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Human Error Probability Determination in Blasting Process of Ore Mine Using a Hybrid of HEART and Best-Worst Methods (Original article)</text>
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Human error probability&#13;
Mining industry</text>
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                <text>Background: One of the important actions for enhancing human reliability in any industry is assessing human error probability (HEP). The HEART technique is a robust tool for calculating HEP in various industries. The traditional HEART has some weaknesses due to expert judgment. For these reasons, a hybrid model is presented in this study to integrate HEART with Best-Worst Method.&#13;
Materials Method: In this study, the blasting process in an iron ore mine was investigated as a case study. The proposed HEART-BWM was used to increase the sensitivity of APOA calculation. Then the HEP was&#13;
calculated using conventional HEART formula. A consistency ratio was calculated using BWM. Finally, for verification of the HEART-BWM, HEP calculation was done by traditional HEART and HEART-BWM.&#13;
Results: In the view of determined HEPs, the results showed that the mean of HEP in the blasting of the iron ore process was 2.57E-01. Checking the full blast of all the holes after the blasting sub-task was the most dangerous task due to the highest HEP value, and it was found 9.646E-01. On the other side, obtaining a permit to receive and transport materials was the most reliable task, and the HEP was 8.54E-04.&#13;
Conclusion: The results showed a good consistency for the proposed technique. Comparing the two techniques confirmed that the BWM makes the traditional HEART faster and more reliable by performing&#13;
the basic comparisons. </text>
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                <text>Mostafa Mirzaei Aliabadi, Iraj Mohammadfam , Ali Reza Soltanian, Kamran Najafi</text>
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