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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 4 2022&#13;
Trend Analysis by Risk Observation: How the German Statutory Accident Insurance Prepares for the Future in Occupational Safety and Health (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Background: The risk observatory (RO) of the German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV) provides strategic support to the German Social Accident Insurance Institutions (GSAII) in proactive prevention. It does so by identifying future challenges and opportunities for occupational safety and health (OSH) resulting from new trends and developments that affect employees as well as children in elementary education, pupils, and students.&#13;
Methods: The core of the RO is an online survey that relies on a pool of new trends and developments identified via internet and literature research. 865 prevention experts of the GSAII and the DGUV&#13;
participated in the survey. They rated trends and developments regarding their sector-specific risks and opportunities for OSH in the 5 years to come.&#13;
Results: Sector-specific and over-all results show that besides well-known OSH risks such as musculoskeletal stress and noise, developments relevant for OSH come to the fore that do not have their origin in work itself, but are strongly influenced by political, social, economic, environmental, or technical developments that accident insurance can only peripherally influence. Shortage of skilled staff was identified as a threat to OSH in almost all sectors.&#13;
Conclusions: Prevention must find ways to address repercussions of such OSH risks. Cooperation and political awareness are therefore gaining in importance. Also, implementing a prevention culture in&#13;
society and strengthening individuals’ health and safety literacy, e.g., by target-group-specific communication and sensitization, as well as early safety and health education, help to counteract those OSH risks.</text>
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                <text>Angelika Hauke, Eva Flaspöler, Ruth Klüser, Ina Neitzner, Dietmar Reinert</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 4 2022&#13;
The Protective Effect of Fair and Supportive Leadership against Burnout in Police Employees (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Background: This study investigated the association between fair and supportive leadership and symptoms of burnout and insomnia in police employees. Burnout and insomnia can have negative consequences for health, performance, and safety among employees in the police profession, and risk and protective factors should be thoroughly investigated.&#13;
Methods: Data were collected in a police district in Norway through questionnaires administered in October 2018 and May 2019. The sample consisted of 206 police employees (52% males), with an average&#13;
age of 42 years and 16 years of experience in the police occupation.&#13;
Results: The results showed that a high degree of fair and supportive leadership was associated with lower levels of burnout and insomnia six months later. Fair and supportive leadership explained a greater amount of variance in burnout compared to insomnia. This finding indicates that fair and supportive leadership is a more important buffer factor against burnout than it is against insomnia. Stress was positively associated with burnout and insomnia, whereas quantitative job demands had no significant association with the concepts.&#13;
Conclusion: Fair and supportive leadership can help protect employees from adverse consequences of stress and contribute to improved occupational health, whereas a low degree of support and fair treatment from leaders can both represent a stressor by itself and contribute to poorer coping of stressful events at work. The important role of leadership should be incorporated in measures aimed at preventing and reducing burnout and sleep problems. </text>
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                <text>Torhild Anita Sørengaard, Eva Langvik</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 4 2022&#13;
The Moderating Role of Emotional Intelligence on the Relationship Between Conflict Management Styles and Burnout among Firefighters (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Background: While the organizational factors that account for firefighters’ burnout have been extensively explored, the individual factors related to how they regulate interpersonal conflicts and emotions remain to be investigated. Previous research has demonstrated the association between emotional intelligence&#13;
and conflict management styles and burnout, but no study has looked at the interrelationships among these factors in high-risk sectors. The present exploratory study aimed to fill this research gap by&#13;
investigating the relationships between conflict management style, emotional intelligence and burnout in a sample of firefighters.&#13;
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 240 French firefighters. Measures comprised validated scales of conflict management styles, emotional intelligence and burnout.&#13;
Results: Results showed that the integrating conflict style reduced burnout. They also revealed the effects of emotion regulation on burnout, whereby the awareness and management of one’s own emotions reduced burnout. Moreover, awareness of one’s own emotions moderated the relationship between integrating conflict resolution style and burnout, whereby the effect of integrating style on reduced burnout was higher when awareness of one’s own emotions was high.&#13;
Conclusion: These results reveal that strategies used by firefighters to regulate their emotions in order to meet the emotional demands specific to their job are important for reducing the emotional exhaustion&#13;
component of burnout. Training programs for conflict and emotion management are needed to preserve the mental health of firefighters and ensure the safety of interventions.</text>
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                <text>Estelle Michinov</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 4 2022&#13;
Synthesis of Evidence to Support EMS Personnel’s Mental Health During Disease Outbreaks: A Scoping Review (Review Article)</text>
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                <text>Emergency medical services (EMS) personnel are at high risk for adverse mental health outcomes during disease outbreaks. To support the development of evidence-informed mitigation strategies, we conducted a scoping review to identify the extent of research pertaining to EMS personnel’s mental health during disease outbreaks and summarized key factors associated with mental health outcomes. We systematically searched three databases for articles containing keywords within three concepts: EMS personnel, disease outbreaks, and mental health. We screened and retained original peer-reviewed articles that discussed, in English, EMS personnel’s mental health during disease outbreaks. Where inferential statistics were reported, the associations between individual and work-related factors and mental health outcomes were synthesized. Twenty-five articles were eligible for data extraction. Our&#13;
findings suggest that many of the contributing factors for adverse mental health outcomes are related to inadequacies in fulfilling EMS personnel’s basic safety and informational needs. In preparation for future disease outbreaks, resources should be prioritized toward ensuring adequate provisions of personal protective equipment and infection prevention and control training. This scoping review serves as a&#13;
launching pad for further research and intervention development.</text>
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                <text>Bronson B. Du, Sara Rezvani, Philip Bigelow , Behdin Nowrouzi-Kia , Veronique M. Boscart, Marcus Yung, Amin Yazdani</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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Return to Work for Workers with Post-COVID Conditions (Editorial)</text>
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                <text>Individuals who suffer from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) generally fully recover with few or no symptoms following an acute infection. However, approximately 10–20% of individuals continue to report persistent or sometimes progressive or even incapacitating symptoms after the resolution of the initial infectionddescribed as post-COVID conditions [1]. Characterization of post-COVID conditions remains unclear with differences in case definitions adopted by various international organizations and institutions. Individuals with post-COVID conditions report highly heterogenous multisystemic symptoms, which may be nonspecific and fluctuating, which makes it difficult to clearly define the disease. Common symptoms reported include fatigue,&#13;
dyspnea, joint pain, chest pain, cough, change in sense of smell or taste, cognitive disturbances, and hoarseness of voice. Less common symptoms are insomnia, low-grade fevers, headaches , neurocognitive difficulties, myalgia and weakness, gastrointestinal symptoms, rashes, and depression [2]. Risk factors that have been described for post-COVID conditions include a history of severe COVID-19 illness during the acute infection, preexisting comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, patients who are immunocompromised, older patients, and females [2]. Recovery from post-COVID conditions can be slow, and symptoms may affect the individual’s function and impede return to work (RTW). It has been estimated that 1.2–4.8% of COVID-19 patients will develop post-COVID conditions with debilitating symptoms [3]. </text>
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                <text>David Koh,  Alvin Tan</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 4 2022&#13;
Protective Measures From Solar Ultraviolet Radiation for Beach Lifeguards in Tuscany (Italy): Shade and Clothing Strategies (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Background: The exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation is a significant risk factor generally underestimated by outdoor workers and employers. Several studies have pointed out that occupational solar exposure increased eye and skin diseases with a considerable impact on the lives and productivity of affected workers. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness against ultraviolet radiation of some&#13;
measures recently undertaken for the protection of lifeguards in a coastal area of Tuscany. &#13;
Methods: Different shading structures (gazebos and beach umbrella) were tested during a sunny summer’s day on a sandy beach by means of two radiometers; the UV protection offered by some T-shirts used by lifeguards was also tested in the laboratory with a spectrophotometer.&#13;
Results: The analysed shading structures strongly reduced the ultraviolet radiation by up to 90%, however a not always negligible diffuse radiation is also present in the shade, requiring further protective&#13;
measures (T-shirt, sunglasses, sunscreen, etc.); the tested T-shirts showed a very good-excellent protection according to the Australian/New Zealand standard. &#13;
Conclusion: Results obtained in this study suggest how the adoption and dissemination of good practices, including those tested, could be particularly effective as a primary prevention for lifeguards who are&#13;
subjected to very high levels of radiation for long periods.</text>
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                <text>Daniele Grifoni, Giulio Betti, Andrea Bogi, Lucia Bramanti, Alessandra Chiarugi, Bernardo Gozzini, Marco Morabito, Francesco Picciolo, Francesco Sabatini, Lucia Miligi </text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 4 2022&#13;
Norms about Alcohol Use among US Firefighters (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Problem drinking is a perennial concern in the US fire service. A large literature has documented the importance of addressing alcohol norms in intervention research. The purpose of this study was to explore alcohol norms in a national cohort of firefighters (FFs) to inform intervention development in this occupational group.&#13;
Methods: Data were from a national online survey of career and volunteer FFs (N 1⁄4 674). Participants were recruited through national fire service listservs and a database of FFs who had agreed to be con-&#13;
tacted for research. &#13;
Results: When asked about “acceptable” levels of alcohol consumption, FFs on average suggested levels which exceeded public health guidelines. Further, approximately half of career and volunteer FFs&#13;
believed that, at least under some circumstances, drinking until intoxicated was normative. When asked how long should elapse between a FFs last drink and reporting for duty, the average suggested lag was 11.2 hours (sd 1⁄4 4.6). However, among male volunteer FFs who reported heavy drinking, the average was 6.68 hours (sd 1⁄4 4.77).&#13;
Conclusions: Given the high prevalence of heavy and binge drinking in the fire service, it is not surprising that the alcohol norms found in this study were consistent with a culture of drinking. Participants’ reports of alcohol use among their peers were consistent with the actual prevalence of problem drinking Thus, education and prevention efforts in this occupation should focus on changing norms about alcohol use, including linking heavy drinking to other health and safety issues they face. </text>
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                <text>Christopher K. Haddock, Nattinee Jitnarin, Raul Caetano, Sara A. Jahnke, Brittany S. Hollerbach, Christopher M. Kaipust , Walker S.C. Poston</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Issue 4 2022&#13;
Modelling the factors affecting Quality of Life among Indian police officers: a novel ISM and DEMATEL approach (Original article)</text>
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                <text>DEMATEL, ISM, MICMAC, Modeling, QOL of Indian police</text>
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                <text>Background: This study examines quality of life (QOL) of a sample of police officers in India. The concept of QOL includes well-being, social obligations, relationships of a person, and his association with envi-&#13;
ronment. The study examines the factors on which QOL of police officers depend and their relationships with each other. The issues linked with QOL are important because they directly affect the individual’s&#13;
ability to maintain a healthy lifestyle and affect organizational performance in the long run. This study explores relevant factors that have an impact on the QOL of the employees of police department in India.&#13;
Method: In this paper, literatures review, ISM, MICMAC, and DEMATEL methodology have established eleven factors that impact the QOL of police officers in India. Mutual relations between factors have been&#13;
established using the ISM approach to develop a model to represent these relationships. DEMATEL methodologies were used to analyze these factors.&#13;
Results: Results indicate that “fair compensation, work overload, workplace safety, and job stress” are the top-level factors that affect QOL of police officers.&#13;
Conclusion: The identification of factors and their mutual relationships that affect QOL are important for police officers and have to be dealt with according to their order of importance. The research model&#13;
developed in this study shows how the factors of police officers’ QOL are interrelated and presents the interrelationships among these factors. A comprehensive model depicting the relationships among these factors has been established, so that the QOL of police officers can be improved.</text>
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Investigation of Demand-Control-Support Model and Effort-Reward Imbalance Model as Predictor of Counterproductive Work Behaviors (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Nowadays, counter-productive work behaviors (CWBs) have turned into a common and costly position for many organizations and especially health centers. Therefore, the study was carried out&#13;
to examine and compare the demandecontrolesupport (DCS) and effortereward imbalance (ERI) models as predictors of CWBs.&#13;
Methods: The study was cross-sectional. The population was all nurses working in public hospitals in Hamadan, Iran of whom 320 were selected as the sample based on simple random sampling method. The instruments used were Job Content Questionnaire, EfforteReward Imbalance Questionnaire, and Counterproductivity Work Behavior Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using correlation and regression&#13;
analysis in SPSS18.&#13;
Results: The findings indicated that both ERI and DCS models could predict CWB (p  0.05); however, the DCS model variables can explain the variance of CWB-I and CWB-O approximately 8% more than the ERI&#13;
model variables and have more power in predicting these behaviors in the nursing community. Conclusion: According to the results, job stress is a key factor in the incidence of CWBs among nurses.&#13;
Considering the importance and impact of each component of ERI and DCS models in the occurrence of CWBs, corrective actions can be taken to reduce their incidence in nurses.</text>
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Healthcare Workers’ Mental Health in Pandemic Times: The Predict Role of Psychosocial Risks (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Healthcare workers perform an emotionally exhausting daily work activity, making them prone to occupational hazards, namely psychosocial ones. This study aims to assess the impact of psychosocial risk factors on healthcare workers’ mental health.&#13;
Methods: A cross-sectional study was developed between May and June of 2021 with 479 healthcare workers from Portuguese hospitals. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale was used to assess mental health, and psychosocial risks were assessed through the Health and Work Survey e INSAT. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the psychosocial risk factors related to anxiety, depression, and stress.&#13;
Subsequently, a multiple linear regression was performed to identify the models that better explained psychosocial risk factors’ relationship with anxiety, depression, and stress.&#13;
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“exposure and discomfort.” The analysis of the b values and p-values from the multiple linear regression shows that some cross-sectional psychosocial risks are predictors of anxiety and stress dimensions, and&#13;
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