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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Supplement 1 2022&#13;
Evaluation of risk of occupational disease biotransmission of SARS-COV2 in wastewater treatment plant workers</text>
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                <text>risk of occupational disease biotransmission of SARS-COV2, wastewater treatment plant workers</text>
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                <text>Introduction: This review explores the level of risk of SARS-COV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) transmission in wastewater to wastewater treatment plant workers in an occupational setting. SARS-COV-2 is present in sewage as it can be shed in the faeces of individuals with COVID-19. Multiple potential risk factors for SARS-COV-2 transmission from wastewater to sewage workers in an occupational setting have been postulated based on previous studies. These factors include wastewater aerosolization at the pumping stage, coronavirus lipid envelopes and viability in sewage depending on environmental conditions. &#13;
Materials and methods: This study reviewed literature from multiple global databases to establish the level of documented risk of transmission of SARS-COV-2 to wastewater workers in an occupational setting.&#13;
Results: No published case report of occupational transmission of&#13;
SARS-COV-2 via wastewater to wastewater treatment plant workers&#13;
was found. International studies and surveillance of SARS-COV-2 in&#13;
wastewater have found that virus quantification in wastewater is not&#13;
indicative of infectivity.&#13;
Conclusion: There is currently no epidemiological evidence published&#13;
to demonstrate a clear link between the occupational risk of SARS-&#13;
COV-2 infection and exposure to wastewater sludge or biosolids. Further research is warranted in this novel area for more direct&#13;
measurement and risk quantification of multiple aspects including&#13;
virus persistence in wastewater, level of active virus transmission by&#13;
aerosolization in wastewater facilities and occupational SARS-COV-2&#13;
case rate in wastewater treatment plant workers.</text>
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                <text>Syed Nasir</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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        <name>Jurnal Internasional Keperawatan</name>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Supplement 1 2022&#13;
COVID-19 related changes in health status among workers with a (partial) work disability; preliminary results of a cross-sectional online survey study during the COVID outbreak in the Netherlands </text>
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                <text>Introduction: Consequences of restrictive measures during the COVID outbreak are plausibly enormous, especially for those with a vulnerable position at the labor market. This study aims to describe the impact of the COVID outbreak and subsequent restrictive measures on health status among persons with a (partial) work disability, with and in search of work, during the COVID pandemic in the Netherlands.&#13;
Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was set out between May&#13;
and July 2021 among workers with a (partial) work disability. Self-&#13;
reported health (SRH), job-related questions and demographic were&#13;
assessed. Respondent sampling was stratified by employment status.&#13;
Descriptive statistics were used to summarize responses, followed by&#13;
logistic regression.&#13;
Results: Five hundred eighty-four persons completed the online survey, 49% of them were employed. In general, results show a decrease in SRH during the COVID outbreak, both for employed and unemployed participants. Unemployed participants particularly noticed a somewhat lower SRH compared to their employed counterpart. Thereby, participants noticed both positive as well as negative aspects the pandemic has caused in their personal life. Besides fear, loneliness and uncertainty, they also mentioned calmness, more energy and less stress.&#13;
Conclusions: During the COVID pandemic in the Netherlands, perceived health status differed between subgroups of employment status. Our preliminary results indicate that further analyses should take into account the diversity within disability groups. Furthermore, a more comprehensive examination is needed to investigate (health) needs.</text>
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                <text>Mara de Visser, Marloes de Graaf-Zijl, Han Anema, Maaike Huysmans</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Supplement 1 2022</text>
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General aspects for the selection of sanitary gloves against COVID-19, according to level of risk and suitability of use</text>
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                <text>Introduction: To minimize the risk of COVID-19 cross-infection between the patient and medical personnel, it is necessary to use individual protection measures, including gloves. The selection of suitable gloves for the performance of healthcare activities is crucial to maximize protection of health care workers and to optimize the use of gloves throughout the healthcare organization.&#13;
Material and methods: Following the criteria for the management of sanitary gloves, a mathematical model has been developed to establish the levels of protection depending on the material and characteristics of the glove, the percentages of the different properties such as sensitivity, elasticity, adaptability, among others, have been taken into account.&#13;
Results and conclusions: Based on this mathematical model, a table is established where the levels of adequacy and protection are determined according to the material for different activities. The most critical point to prevent SARS-COV-2 infection is the porosity of the glove. Concerning surgical gloves, to perform invasive techniques for COVID 19 patients, isoprene gloves offer maximum protection and adequacy, while nitrile gloves, although they provide maximum protection, are not suitable. </text>
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                <text>Julia Seco Orriols, Berta Roviró Aliguer, Marina Rovira , Rosa Maria Orriols Ramos</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Supplement 1 2022&#13;
The efficiency and impacts of work from home during COVID-19 virus pandemic: case study on Institution of Preventive Medicine and Division of Occupational and Environmental Diseases </text>
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                <text>The study of an efficiency and impacts of working from home during COVID-19 pandemic: case study on Institute of Preventive Medicine and Division of Occupational and Environmental Diseases aimed to&#13;
analyze an efficiency of working from home during the corona virus&#13;
(COVID-19) pandemic. 2) To investigate the impacts of working from&#13;
home during the COVID-19 pandemic. 3) To compare an efficiency of working from home and work at office during the COVID-19 pandemic and 4) To compare an impacts of working from home and work at office during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a survey study using a five rating scale questionnaire to collect data. The sample size was 79 and selected by simple random sampling. The data analyzed by frequencies, percentage (%) mean ± standard deviation (SD) and compare mean difference between two groups by t-test. The research results were as follows: (1) the efficiency of working from home during COVID-19 pandemic: case study on Institute of Preventive Medicine and Division of Occupational and Environmental Diseases were revealed that efficiency of working at home as same as working at the office. (2) There were no effects on health such as headache, muscle pain at shoulder area and no any change on eye sight also the quality of sleep still the same. In case of mental effects, the results shown that emotion of happiness, relaxing and feeling fresh after sleep were better than working at the office. However, the feeling of dexterous and interesting of life were decreased. (3) There were significant statistical differences on the comparison of an efficiency of working from.</text>
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                <text>Chuleekorn Tanathitikorn</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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Peripheral neuropathies related to occupational exposure to organic solvents</text>
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                <text>Introduction: Organic solvents(OS), widely used in industry, expose workers to a proven neurotoxic risk including peripheral peuropathies(PN). Our objective was to study the clinical, para-&#13;
clinical and etiological characteristics of Toxic neuropathies related&#13;
to occupational exposure to OS.&#13;
Methods: Descriptive retrospective study involving 12 cases of PN due to OS who consulted the department of occupational medicine in Rabta Hospital Tunis, between 2000 and 2021.&#13;
Results: Our series included 12 patients with male predominance&#13;
(9 cases) and a mean age of 41±10 years. The main work stations&#13;
described were those exposing to glue (4 cases). The chemical&#13;
industry sector was the most concerned sector (5 cases), followed&#13;
by the shoe manufacturing sector (2 cases). The use of respiratory&#13;
protection equipment was reported by only 2 patients. Neurological&#13;
manifestations appeared on average 17.7 years after hiring. We reported 7 cases of PN of the lower and/or upper limbs and 5 cases&#13;
of trigeminal neuritis. An organic psychosyndrom to solvents was&#13;
associated in 5 patients. The incriminated OS were hexane (6 cases),&#13;
hexane with tetrachloroethane (1 case) and trichloroethylene.&#13;
Eleven patients benefited from a transfer to another workstation&#13;
not exposing to OS vapors while one patient benefited from an early&#13;
retirement. All cases were reported as compensable occupational&#13;
diseases.&#13;
Conclusion: Toxic PN related to OS are not very frequent but still&#13;
disabling conditions. Prevention must involve the substitution of OS&#13;
which have significant neurotoxic potential and reinforcement of&#13;
early detection of these neuropathies.</text>
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                <text>Ines Aissa, Jihen Hsinet, Saloua Ismail, Nihel Khouja, Ons Grissa, Amani Dellagi , Aida Benzarti , Abdelmajid Ben Jemaa</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Supplement 1 2022&#13;
 Pandemic of COVID-19 and musculoskeletal disorders among construction workers in Bulgaria</text>
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                <text>Introduction: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are among the most common causes of functional impairment among construction workers. How did pandemic of COVID-19 affect the analysis of temporary morbidity for 2020? This research aims to answer this question and examine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the construction industry.&#13;
Material and methods: We selected a construction company with a staff of 1364 employees and introduced the standard ISO 45001: 2018. We assessed the risk in the workplace, analyzed data on temporary and occupational morbidity and sought the relationship between working conditions and problems aggravating musculoskeletal disorders and some infectious diseases (COVID-19) among employees. Research involving humans has been approved by an ethics committee.&#13;
Results: The data from the hospital lists for 2020 in the construction&#13;
company show 143 sick people with 220 issued primary hospital leaves. In the first place in terms of “severity of cases” are diseases of the musculoskeletal and nervous system with a total of 1355 days of labor loss (28%) of all labor losses. According to the same indicator, infectious diseases diagnosed with COVID-19 account for 8% of all labor losses.&#13;
Conclusions: Pandemic of COVID-19 in 2020 did not affect the health&#13;
of workers. The main priority for the implementation of healthy and safe working conditions in the construction sector remains the development and implementation of programs to reduce musculoskeletal disorders.</text>
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                <text>Lidiya Hristova, Rouja Nikolova, Karolina Lybomirova, Todor Kondurdzhiev</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Supplement 1 2022&#13;
Exoskeletons for reducing physical stress and strain in occupational tasks: a systematic review</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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                <text>Introduction: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD) count for ~60% of all self-reported work-related health issues in the EU. The most contributing risk factors include heavy work, lifting, repetition, awkward postures. Exoskeletons may intervene on the risk factors and counteract the high prevalence of WRMSD. This review aimed to assess the effect of wearing an exoskeleton during occupational tasks on physical stress and strain parameters, compared to not wearing an exoskeleton.&#13;
Material and methods: We searched the literature for studies evaluating exoskeletons for occupational purposes. Two review authors independently assessed retrieved records for eligibility, risk of bias, and extracted the data. The review followed PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO registration: CRD42020168701).&#13;
Results: Of 8001 records identified, 48 studies were included in the quantitative analysis. All studies had a high risk of bias. The meta-analysis showed low to very-low quality of evidence for statistically significant effects of using back, upper-limb or lower-limb exoskeletons on various parameters in supported (e.g., reduced muscle activity) and non-supported body areas (e.g., reduced energy expenditure).&#13;
Conclusions: Using exoskeletons during occupational tasks could reduce acute physical stress and strain, especially in the supported body area. The results should be interpreted with consideration, mainly due to the low to very-low methodological quality of the studies described in the assessed literature. The impact of exoskeletons on worker’s health is still unknown, for which primarily prospective field RCTs can be recommended. </text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Supplement 1 2022&#13;
A comparison of muscle activity and force applied between pointing devices in sitting and standing posture</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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                <text>Introduction: Intensive use of the pointing device may lead to work-&#13;
related musculoskeletal disorder. Subsequently, changing between &#13;
sitting and standing working posture may influence the force exertion&#13;
during usage of pointing device. This study aims to investigate the muscle activity and force applied characteristics between two types&#13;
of pointing devices (common mouse and trackball) at both sitting and standing posture.&#13;
Material and Methods: Ten right-handed university students (25.5±2.6 years) were recruited. Participants used a common mouse and a trackball to perform Task 1: mouse pointing and click and Task 2: mouse click-drag-release in both sitting and standing posture. Muscle activity of the middle deltoid and upper trapezius was assessed by surface EMG. The force applied on pointing during tasks were measured by a customized force plate with three miniature loadcells (MCSR-5L-FG). Surface EMG and loadcell signal were recorded and synchronized using LabChart v7.1.1. &#13;
Results: Significant main effects of pointing devices (p&lt;0.05) was found in both Task 1 and Task 2 on the force application. Task 1 (standing posture), the average applied forces on common mouse and trackball were 1.1±0.7N and 0.7±0.4N, respectively. Task 2 (standing posture), the average applied forces on common mouse and trackball were 1.8±1.0N and 2.4±0.5N, respectively. No significant main effects of pointing device and posture were found on muscles activity of both middle deltoid and upper trapezius in both tasks.&#13;
Conclusions: Our results indicate posture and pointing device could&#13;
influence the force exertion during clicking and dragging operation.</text>
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ICOH-Saudi Arab Chapter contribution and history of activities of health and safety in the Kingdom of Saudi Arab</text>
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                <text>The Kingdom of Saudi Arab due to the influence of oil and energy industry has been proactive and leading the region in Health &amp; Safety. In 1936 medical services related to safety at Saudi Aramco commenced. This leads to a number of achievements both for the company and the country including: &#13;
• 1947 Development of malaria surveillance program, by 1956 malaria was eradicated&#13;
• 1950 Smallpox Eradication Program undertaken&#13;
• 1955 Research Project on Trachoma with Harvard School of Public&#13;
Health The Saudi Arabian Chapter of ICOH was established 55 years after the first Occupational Medicine Specialist arrived in the Kingdom in 1963. To mark this launch of the local chapter, a technical symposium&#13;
entitled “Recognizing mental health concerns at the workplace” was&#13;
organized. The chapter has conducted three technical symposiums&#13;
and two half day workshops. The local chapter has been able to bring more than 100 professionals on one platform, developed an interactive website, provided a number of educational activities and focusing on sharing the local experience and international expertise on how to improve the health, safety and wellbeing of workers in the Middle East.</text>
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Canadian salmon aquaculture: the absence of antimicrobial resistance from hazard designation in an industry with high reporting of occupational injuries</text>
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                <text>Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) exposures can adversely affect the health of workers and their communities, particularly in animal production, but are unlikely to be captured by compensation claims data outside of clinical occupations. Salmon aquaculture is an important industry in Canada that reports high occupational injury rates linked to exposures to diverse hazards. Aquaculture reports antimicrobial use (AMU), yet AMR is not designated as a biological occupational hazard. &#13;
Methods: Occupational claims data from Atlantic Canadian aquaculture were analyzed to describe injury characteristics. Trends in aquaculture AMU and relevant policy were reported to contextualize barriers that prevent surveillance for occupational exposures to AMR factors.&#13;
Results: Injured workers most frequently reported injuries attributed&#13;
to physical and ergonomic hazards leading to soft tissue damage and&#13;
open and superficial wounds to the back, legs, and fingers. AMR&#13;
designation as an occupational hazard is hindered at three distinct&#13;
levels: i) Surveillance program for AMR emergence in aquaculture&#13;
is absent. ii) Latent onset of symptoms linked to occupational AMR&#13;
exposures mitigate against related compensation claims. iii) Data&#13;
reporting gaps impede correlative analyses of AMU and clinical AMR.&#13;
Conclusions: AMR surveillance requires an iterative and One Health approach. Currently, occupational claims data facilitate only retrospective analyses biased towards observable physical injuries&#13;
with clear occupational origins. Surveillance requires a paradigm&#13;
shift that promotes prospective analyses to guide health protective&#13;
strategies.</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 13 Supplement 1 2022</text>
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