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                  <text>Jurnal Internasional Afrika vol. 10 issue 2 2020</text>
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                <text>Jurnal Internasional Afrika vol. 10 issue 2 2020&#13;
African Journal of Emergency Medicine&#13;
Bull horn injury causing traumatic tooth intrusion – ultrasound and CT imaging </text>
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                <text>Animal attack&#13;
Bull&#13;
Dental trauma</text>
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                <text>Introduction: Traumatic injury to upper alveolus may result in apical displacement of the affected tooth/teeth&#13;
into the underlying alveolar bone. The tooth while being driven into the socket under the upwardly directed&#13;
impact force usually causes a crushing fracture of the alveolar socket bone. The tooth may also be displaced&#13;
through the labial plate of bone or may even impinge upon the bud of the permanent tooth.&#13;
Case report: We present a case of tooth intrusion due to bull horn injury and its imaging features on ultrasound&#13;
and CT scan.&#13;
Discussion: Most common teeth involved in dental trauma in children of 6 to 12 year age group, are the maxillary&#13;
anteriors, and this age group also constitutes the most common group in whom tooth intrusion is seen. Tooth&#13;
intrusion usually involves a single dental element. Common etiologic causes are injuries, falls, sports accidents,&#13;
violence and traffic accidents. Traumatic intrusion due to injury by animals is rarely described and is more&#13;
commonly seen in less developed areas that too in rural set-up where man-animal encounters are frequent.&#13;
Conclusion: In such cases, whenever the conventional imaging modalities like the X-rays such as intra oral periapical&#13;
views and orthopantomograms are unavailable, or where use of ionizing radiation is a grave concern&#13;
(especially in children and pregnant patients), ultrasonography offers a non-invasive diagnostic imaging method&#13;
which helps in diagnosis of the condition and also helps in supplementing the clinical information, thereby&#13;
helping in better understanding of the underlying condition.</text>
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                <text>Rohan Bhoila, Manmohan Bramtab, Rohit Bhoilc</text>
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                <text>www.elsevier.com/locate/afjem</text>
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                <text>12 December 2019</text>
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                <text>peri irawan</text>
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        <name>Animal attack Bull Dental trauma</name>
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                <text>Jurnal Internasional Afrika vol. 10 issue 2 2020&#13;
African Journal of Emergency Medicine&#13;
African Federation for Emergency Medicine resources for managing COVID-19 in low resourced settings</text>
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                <text>African Federation for Emergency Medicine resources for managing COVID-19 in low resourced&#13;
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                <text>Despite containment efforts, infection with SARS-CoV-2 has reached&#13;
pandemic status. More than three-quarters of the world's nations and&#13;
territories have been affected, and cases are being found in previously&#13;
unaffected areas each day [1]. At the time of writing, there were&#13;
7,039,918 confirmed cases worldwide, and 404,396 deaths [1]; these&#13;
numbers are expected to grow in the coming months. Although data&#13;
surrounding the novel coronavirus are rapidly evolving, initial estimates&#13;
depict a dire situation: 20% of infections lead to severe or critical&#13;
disease [2]. Mortality has varied across settings, but early data suggest&#13;
a case fatality rate near 4% [4,5].&#13;
It is increasingly likely that the countries with the least capacity to&#13;
respond will soon be affected on a large scale [6]. There, highly vulnerable&#13;
populations, compromised by malnutrition and comorbid diseases (HIV,&#13;
tuberculosis, etc.), face a greater risk of developing severe and critical&#13;
disease [3]. Early recognition, resuscitation and referral have proven key to&#13;
effective responses, yielding lower mortality [7]. These processes are,&#13;
however, significantly more challenging in low-resource settings (LRS)&#13;
[3,6]. Most LRS have scarce critical care resources, with limitations in the&#13;
availability of oxygen and other basics, as well as healthcare provider&#13;
shortages [8,9]. Immediate targeted efforts are needed to assist these settings&#13;
in managing large numbers of acutely ill COVID-19 patients.</text>
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