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Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Psychological Well-Being of Firefighters (Original article)</text>
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                <text>COVID-19, firefighters, first responders, physical activity, psychological well-being, restrictive measures</text>
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                <text>Background: COVID-19 pandemic represented a unique stressful event that affected the physical health and psychological well-being (PWB) of individuals and communities. Monitoring PWB is essential not only to clarify the burden on mental health effects but also to define targeted psychological-supporting measures. This cross-sectional study evaluated the PWB of Italian firefighters during the pandemic. &#13;
Methods: Firefighters recruited during the pandemic period filled out a self-administered questionnaire, the Psychological General Well-Being Index, during the health surveillance medical examination. This tool is usually used to assess the global PWB and explores six subdomains: anxiety, depressed mood, positive well-being, self-control, general health, and vitality. The influencing roles of age, gender, working activities, COVID-19, and pandemic restrictive measures were also explored.&#13;
Results: A total of 742 firefighters completed the survey. The aggregate median PWB global score was in the “no distress” range (94.3  10.3), which was higher than that observed in studies conducted using the same tool in the Italian general population during the same pandemic period. Similar findings were observed in the specific subdomains, thus suggesting that the investigated population was in good PWB condition. Interestingly, significantly better outcomes were detected in the younger firefighters.&#13;
Conclusion: Our data showed a satisfactory PWB situation in firefighters that could be related to different professional factors such as work organization and mental and physical training. In particular, our results would suggest the hypothesis that in firefighters, maintaining a minimum/moderate level of physical&#13;
activity (consisting of even just going to work) might have a profoundly positive impact on psychological health and well-being.</text>
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                <text>Elisabetta Riccardi, Luca Fontana , Daniela Pacella, Fabio Fusco, Ilaria Marinaro, Giovanna Costanzo, Francesco Vassallo, Maria Triassi, Ivo Iavicoli </text>
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                <text>journal homepage: www.e-shaw.net</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 14 Issue 3 2023&#13;
Describing Physical Activity Patterns of Truck Drivers Using Actigraphy (Short Communication)</text>
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                <text>Background: Truck driving is a highly sedentary occupation that places workers at risk for chronic health conditions, such as obesity and high blood pressure. The primary purpose of this study was to objectively describe truck drivers’ typical physical activity (PA) patterns.&#13;
Methods: We used w7-10-day baseline PA actigraphy data samples from drivers in the Safety &amp; Health Involvement For Truckers (SHIFT) study (n 1⁄4 394). Driver PA patterns (e.g., average number of 10 minute Freedson bouts per week, time in bouts, and common days/times for PA) were summarized with descriptive analyses. We also compared objective accelerometer data to self-reports.&#13;
Results: Drivers’ weekly PA averaged 14.4 minutes (SD 1⁄4 37.0), and most PA occurred between 5e6 pm on Tuesdays and Wednesdays. Drivers overestimated self-reported weekly exercise by over 60 min/week compared to accelerometer data.&#13;
Conclusion: Our results suggest that objective PA assessment may be warranted over self-report when possible, and timing may be key in future PA intervention work with truck drivers. </text>
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                <text>Brad Wipfli, Sean P.M. Rice , Ryan Olson, Kasey Ha, Caitlyn Trullinger-Dwyer, Todd Bodner</text>
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                <text>journal homepage: www.e-shaw.net</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 14 Issue 3 2023&#13;
Corporate Characteristics and Occupational Injuries by Industry (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Background: Recent research on occupational injuries in companies has faced difficulties in obtaining representative data, leading to studies relying on surveys or case studies. Moreover, it is difficult to find studies on how a company’s industry characteristics affect occupational injuries. This study aims to address these limitations.&#13;
Methods: We collected 11 years of disclosure data from 1,247 listed companies in the Korean stock market and combined it with their occupational injury histories collected by the Republic of Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) to build a dataset. We attempted to analyze a linear panel model by dividing the dataset into manufacturing, construction, and other industries.&#13;
Results: The higher proportion of full-time employees and better job skills correlate with lower occupational injuries in other industries. The wage increase reduces occupational injuries in manufacturing and other industries, but the substitution effect produces the opposite outcome in construction. Also, foreign ownership and credit ratings increase effectively reduce occupational injuries mainly in the manufacturing industry.&#13;
Conclusion: Our results suggest that in explaining the relationship between corporate characteristics and occupational injuries, it is necessary to consider the nature of the industry more closely, and in particular, employment and labor policies for preventing occupational injuries need to be selectively applied according to industry. In addition, to improve the limitations and increase the usability of the research results, further detailed studies are needed in the future. </text>
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                <text>Sunyoung Park, Myung-Joong Kim</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 14 Issue 3 2023&#13;
Chronic Respiratory Symptoms and Associated Factors among Fruit and Vegetable Workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross sectional Study (Original article)</text>
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                <text>Chronic respiratory symptoms, Ethiopia, Fruit and vegetable market workers, Organic dust, Prevalence</text>
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                <text>Background: Fruit and vegetable market is an abundant source of bioaerosols. Exposure to organic and&#13;
&#13;
inorganic waste and long-term inhalation of bioaerosols during working hours leads to chronic respi-&#13;
ratory symptoms. Hence, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms&#13;
&#13;
and related factors among fruit and vegetable workers compared with the control group in Addis Ababa,&#13;
Ethiopia.&#13;
Methods and materials: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from 2020 to 2021. Data&#13;
were entered in EpiData 3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.&#13;
Logistic regressions were computed to depict the data and related factors. The culture method was done&#13;
to count and compare bacterial and fungal concentrations between fruit and vegetable workers and&#13;
office workers.&#13;
Results: In this study, the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms (PR 1⁄4 2.87, 95% confidence interval&#13;
[CI]: 1.772e4.66) was significantly higher among fruit and vegetable workers (46.7%) than controls&#13;
(23.4%). Sex (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1⁄4 2.11, 95% CI 1⁄4 1.12e3.98), educational status (AOR 1⁄4 1.34, 95%&#13;
CI 1⁄4 0.78e2.32), working hours per day (AOR 1⁄4 3.91, 95% CI 1⁄4 1.586e9.65), and working department&#13;
(AOR 1⁄4 3.20, 95% CI 1⁄4 0.90e11.40) were associated with chronic respiratory symptoms. Bacterial and&#13;
fungal concentrations were significantly higher in the air of the vegetable market (276 colony-forming&#13;
unit) than the air in the workplace of controls (7 colony-forming unit).&#13;
Conclusion: The fruit and vegetable market workers (greengrocers) had a higher prevalence of chronic&#13;
respiratory symptoms relative to office workers. Respiratory protective devices should be given to deliver&#13;
preventive measures.</text>
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Association with Combined Occupational Hazards Exposure and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Workers’ Health Examination Cohort 2012-2021 (Original article) </text>
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                <text>Background: This study aimed to evaluate the association between exposure to occupational hazards and the metabolic syndrome. A secondary objective was to analyze the additive and multiplicative effects of exposure to risk factors. &#13;
Methods: This retrospective cohort was based on 31,615 health examinees at the Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital in Republic of Korea from 2012-2021. Demographic and behavior-related risk factors were treated as confounding factors, whereas three physical factors, 19 organic solvents and aerosols, and 13 metals and dust were considered occupational risk factors. Time-dependent Cox regression analysis was used to calculate hazard ratios.&#13;
Results: The risk of metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in night shift workers (hazard ratio 1⁄4 1.45: 95% confidence interval 1⁄4 1.36-1.54) and workers who were exposed to noise (1.15:1.07-1.24). Exposure to some other risk factors was also significantly associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome. They were dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, trichloroethylene, xylene, styrene, toluene, dichloromethane, copper, antimony, lead, copper, iron, welding fume, and manganese. Among the 28 significant pairs, 19 exhibited both positive additive and multiplicative effects.&#13;
Conclusions: Exposure to single or combined occupational risk factors may increase the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Working conditions should be monitored and improved to reduce exposure to occupational hazards and prevent the development of the metabolic syndrome. </text>
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