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                  <text>VOL. 20, NO. 1 2022</text>
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                <text>TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control &#13;
Determination of optimum load resistances of MQ-series gas sensor circuit for specific gas concentrations</text>
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                <text>Liquefied petroleum gas, MQ-6 gas sensor, Sensor circuit sensitivity, Sensor power dissipation,Sensor resistance</text>
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                <text>MQ-series gas sensors are frequently used in gas concentration sensing&#13;
owing to their high sensitivity and relatively cheap cost. Reportedly, both the sensor’s circuit sensitivity (S) and power dissipation (PS ) are functions of sensor circuit load resistance (RL ). However, there is no well-established standard method for determining RL value that can simultaneously yield maximum sensor circuit sensitivity (SM) and acceptable PS for a given value of gas concentration. To obtain optimum RL , the dependence of S and PS on RL for a given gas concentration was thoroughly investigated. The model equations for determining S, PS and RL at SM (RL,MAX) were derived and Q-6 gas sensor’s response to its associated gases was used for demonstrating the proposed method. Variations of both S and PS with respect to RL were investigated when each of the associated gases has concentration of 1000 ppm. The sensor circuit optimal RL must satisfy the dual conditions of (i) S=SM and (ii) PS &lt; set threshold. Results obtained from the analysis revealed that the values of RL,MAX were 20, 24, 64, 120, and 152 kΩ for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), CH4, H2, alcohol and CO respectively, corresponding to sensor powers of 0.3125, 0.2589, 0.0977, 0.0521, and 0.0411 mW. </text>
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                <text>Ajiboye Aye Taiwo, Opadiji Jayeola Femi, Ajayi Adebimpe Ruth, Popoola Joshua Olusogo</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v20i1.21091</text>
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                <text>Universitas Ahmad Dahlan</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>ISSN: 1693-6930</text>
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                <text>TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control </text>
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                <text>TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control &#13;
Enhancement detection distributed denial of service attacks using hybrid n-gram techniques</text>
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                <text>Chi-square distance, DDoS, Malware, N-grams, Payload</text>
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                <text>Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks have always been a concern of cyber experts. To detect DDoS attacks, several methods can be used. One of the methods used in this research is the n-gram technique. The n-gram approach analyzes the payload of data packets that enter the network to obtain attack patterns. Data is captured and analyzed, after which it is compared with clean data packets. The chi-square distance value close to 1 indicates that the two packages are very similar so that the data packet is not an attack. A deal less than one means the data packet is categorized as an attack. In this research, the threshold for determining the attack level can be lowered to obtain a very high detection accuracy. As a result, the 2-gram technique has a detection accuracy rate with the lowest false positive value of around 13%, with the highest actual positive ratio reaching 99.98%. </text>
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                <text>Andi Maslan, Kamaruddin Malik Mohamad, Cik Feresa Mohd Foozy</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v20i1.18103</text>
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                <text>Universitas Ahmad Dahlan</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>ISSN: 1693-6930</text>
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                <text>TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control </text>
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                  <text>VOL. 20, NO. 1 2022</text>
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                <text>TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control &#13;
Sunfa Ata Zuyan machine learning models for moon phase detection: algorithm, prototype and performance comparison </text>
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                <text>Edge detection, Embedded system, Moon date declaration, Moon phases, Morphology, Raspberry Pi, Sunfa Ata Zuyan</text>
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                <text>The history recorded moon as the most inspiring object in the sky, but it&#13;
combined with visibility issues to study the phases. This research paper&#13;
proposes a novel algorithm named Sunfa Ata Zuyan (SAZ), which is meant to extend the shape detection algorithms to aim for lunar phase deceleration and overcome the difficulties encountered by the previous methods to find the moon and determine its phase. The paper sets to investigate two aims. First, propose the add-on algorithm SAZ to determine the lunar phase's data faster. Secondly, evaluate the Raspberry Pi as the main CPU due to its compact size and power as the primary processor based on the idea of a portable designed system. Then to examine the ability of the SAZ algorithm, it's combined with famous algorithms like hue, saturation and value (HSV), Canny, erosion, shape detection, and binarization has been tested on both personal computers (PC) and Raspberry Pi with the same images being compared. The results show that SAZ will help the shape detection algorithm to find the object and disclose the moon phases. Furthermore, the Raspberry Pi, functioning as a CPU, can perform as a hand-to-hand system to determine the lunar phase as a compact portable remote sensing structure. </text>
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                <text>Ata Jahangir Moshayedi, Zu-yan Chen, Liefa Liao , Shuai Li</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v20i1.22338</text>
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                <text>Universitas Ahmad Dahlan</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>ISSN: 1693-6930</text>
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Comparative analysis of various machine learning algorithms for ransomware detection</text>
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                <text>Recently, the ransomware attack posed a serious threat that targets a wide range of organizations and individuals for financial gain. So, there is a real need to initiate more innovative methods that are capable of proactively detect and prevent this type of attack. Multiple approaches were innovated to detect attacks using different techniques. One of these techniques is machine learning techniques which provide reasonable results, in most attack detection systems. In the current article, different machine learning techniques are tested to analyze its ability in a detection ransomware attack. The top 1000 features extracted from raw byte with the use of gain ratio as a feature selection&#13;
method. Three different classifiers (decision tree (J48), random forest, radial basis function (RBF) network) available in Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA) based machine learning tool are evaluated to achieve significant detection accuracy of ransomware. The result shows that random forest gave the best detection accuracy almost around 98%. </text>
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                <text>Ban Mohammed Khammas</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v20i1.18812</text>
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                <text>Universitas Ahmad Dahlan</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>ISSN: 1693-6930</text>
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Exploiting performance gap among two users in reconfigurable intelligent surfaces-aided wireless systems </text>
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                <text>In this work, we study the outage performance of a reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS)-aided wireless systems in the presence of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). In particular, different power factors are allocated to users which belong a dedicated group. We derive exact outage probability of two users in a group. Specifically, it is assumed that the RIS is placed between the source and the users and far user has better performance under assistance of RIS. We also provide comparison analysis to investigate the effect of the main parameters on the outage performance of our proposed system, such as the number of tunable elements of the RIS, power allocation factors, target rates and the average signal-to-noise ratio at the base station. If we set small tunable elements for RIS, we can obtain the best performance. By using Monte-Carlo simulation, we verify our analytical results via simulations. Our main results reported in this paper show the positive effect once we deploy RISs for guaranteeing fairness among NOMA users in wireless systems. </text>
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                <text>Dinh-Thuan Do, Chi-Bao Le</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v20i1.19001</text>
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                <text>Universitas Ahmad Dahlan</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>ISSN: 1693-6930</text>
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Network and layer experiment using convolutional neural network for content based image retrieval work </text>
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                <text>In this study, a test will be conducted to find out how the results of&#13;
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network algorithm. The performance and accuracy of the retrieval process method that was tested using the algorithm approach to do an object image retrieval. The expected results of this study are the techniques offered can provide relatively better results compared to previous studies. The results of the classification of object images with different levels of confusion on the Caltech 101 database resulted an average accuracy value. From the experiments conducted in the study, content based image retrieval work (CBIR) work using convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm in terms of execution time, loss testing and accuracy testing. From several experiments on layers and networks shows that, the more hidden layers used, then the result is better. The graph of validation loss decreases at fewer epochs, slightly fluctuating at more epochs. Likewise, validation accuracy increases insignificantly on epochs with small amounts, but tends to be stable on more epochs.</text>
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                <text>Fachruddin, Saparudin, Errissya Rasywir, Yovi Pratama</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v20i1.19759</text>
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                <text>Universitas Ahmad Dahlan</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>ISSN: 1693-6930</text>
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Development smart eyeglasses for visually impaired people based on you only look once </text>
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                <text>Visually impaired people are facing many problems in their life. One of&#13;
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objects in each frame. Finally, the sound in Arabic language was generated to tell the visually impaired people about the objects. The proposed system can detect 6 objects and achieve an accuracy of 99%. </text>
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                <text>Hassan Salam Abdul-Ameer, Hassan Jaleel Hassan, Salma Hameedi Abdullah</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v20i1.22457</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>ISSN: 1693-6930</text>
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Extending lifetime of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks using spider monkey optimization routing protocol </text>
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Design of multiple-input and multiple-output antenna for modern wireless applications </text>
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                <text>In this paper, multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antennas are&#13;
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Investigation of temperature gradient between ambient air and soil to power up wireless sensor network device using a thermoelectric generator </text>
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                <text>This paper proposes a study of an energy harvesting system for powering wireless sensor network (WSN) devices. The thermal energy harvesting system used is based on the thermal energy source between ambient air at the soil surface with five depth levels. Measurement was taken for 46 days in a garden area located in Melaka, Malaysia. A feasibility study of soil temperature measurement to obtain a temperature gradient can be used for harvesting by using thermoelectric generators (TEG) modules. Then, the efficiency of TEG with several different configurations based on temperature gradient data has been tested in the laboratory. The results revealed that the depth of soil 6 cm between sensors 1 and 3 will gave the best representation of level average temperature different around 1 °C. Based on the temperature gradient data, the combination of three TEG SP1848 in a series connection with DC-DC step-up circuit DC1664 will produce an&#13;
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operate low power IoT device derived from thermal energy </text>
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