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Agriculture data visualization and analysis using data mining techniques: application of unsupervised machine learning </text>
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                <text>Unsupervised machine learning is one of the accepted platforms for applying a broad data analytics challenge that involves the way to identify secret trends, unexplained associations, and other significant data from a wide dispersed dataset. The precise yield estimate for the various crops involved in the planning is a critical problem for agricultural planning. To achieve realistic and effective solutions to this problem, data mining techniques are an essential approach. Applying distplot combined with kernel density estimate (KDE) in this paper to visualize the probability density of disseminated datasets of vast crop deals for crop planning. This paper focuses on analyzing and segmenting agricultural data and determining optimal parameters to maximize crop yield using data mining techniques such as K-means clustering and principal component analysis (PCA). </text>
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                <text>Universitas Ahmad Dahlan</text>
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Applying artificial intelligence for the application of bridges deterioration detection system</text>
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                <text>Recently, advances in sensor technologies, data communication paradigms, and data processing algorithms all affect the feasibilities of the bridges structural health monitoring and deterioration detection, and other implementations of monitoring operations. The paper proposes a method to design an irregularity detection and monitoring system for road bridges that combines internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. Raspberry Pi 4 embedded computer integrating IoT and AI technology with convolutional neural network (CNN) is employed to simultaneously monitor remote bridges on websites and apps via Google Firebase cloud database. The first step of successful testing in the laboratory showed that the system can work stably and coincide with the proposed goals. </text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v20i1.20783</text>
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Characteristic's analysis of associative switching system&#13;
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                <text>This paper introduced new method and model of telecommunication&#13;
switching system design which can be applied to wavelength-division&#13;
multiplexing (WDM) optical networks, circuit-switching networks or virtual channel/path connections in an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks. Modern data switching systems such as electronic private branch exchange (PBX), routers and switches include switching matrix which are constructed in the form of bipartite graphs. In such systems, the issues of requests’ processing are considered from the queuing theory point of view. Associative switching systems are fundamentally new structures, therefore it is necessary to develop adequate methods for their throughput determination. Article covered matters of throughput determination basics of an associative switching system and the obtained formulas used for state probability calculation of switching modules and system throughput. </text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v20i1.17640</text>
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                <text>TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control &#13;
Comparative analysis of various machine learning algorithms for ransomware detection</text>
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                <text>Recently, the ransomware attack posed a serious threat that targets a wide range of organizations and individuals for financial gain. So, there is a real need to initiate more innovative methods that are capable of proactively detect and prevent this type of attack. Multiple approaches were innovated to detect attacks using different techniques. One of these techniques is machine learning techniques which provide reasonable results, in most attack detection systems. In the current article, different machine learning techniques are tested to analyze its ability in a detection ransomware attack. The top 1000 features extracted from raw byte with the use of gain ratio as a feature selection&#13;
method. Three different classifiers (decision tree (J48), random forest, radial basis function (RBF) network) available in Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA) based machine learning tool are evaluated to achieve significant detection accuracy of ransomware. The result shows that random forest gave the best detection accuracy almost around 98%. </text>
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                <text>Ban Mohammed Khammas</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v20i1.18812</text>
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                <text>Universitas Ahmad Dahlan</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>ISSN: 1693-6930</text>
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                <text>TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control </text>
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                  <text>VOL. 20, NO. 1 2022</text>
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                <text>TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control &#13;
Design and analysis of single layer quantum dot-cellular automata based 1- bit comparators</text>
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                <text>1-bit comparator, Low power, QCA technology, Single QCA layer</text>
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                <text>Quantum dot-cellular automata (QCA) technology has recently emerged as a potential candidate for the design of nanometer-scale computational circuits. In digital logic circuits, the comparator is the basic building block for comparing two binary values. This paper presents and implements two 1-bit QCA-based comparator designs. The proposed QCA implementations are compact, require only a single layer and are less complex compared to recently reported designs. The QCADesigner tool has been used to confirm the functional validity of the proposed QCA structures. The simulation results of the proposed comparators have shown considerable improvements compared to their existing counterparts in terms of the number of QCA cells and occupational area requirements in addition to cost and efficient complexity values. Furthermore, all of the proposed structures are dissipating extremely low energy values. Thus, the proposed QCA-based comparators can be viewed as viable options for low power digital applications. </text>
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                <text>Ziyad A. Altarawneh, Mutaz A.B. Al-Tarawneh</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="45013">
                <text>DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v20i1.18434</text>
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                <text>Universitas Ahmad Dahlan</text>
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                <text>February 2022</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="45016">
                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="45017">
                <text>ISSN: 1693-6930</text>
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                <text>http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA</text>
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                <text>TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control </text>
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        <name>1-bit comparator</name>
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                  <text>VOL. 20, NO. 1 2022</text>
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                <text>TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control &#13;
Design of circular-shaped microstrip patch antenna for 5G applications</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Circular geometry, Circular-shaped antenna, Computer simulation&#13;
technology, Fifth generation, Microstrip, Microstrip antenna, Patch antenna</text>
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                <text>Using circular geometry has a great influence on many fields of science and engineering, one of which is antenna. Communication systems were oriented towards fifth generation (5G) because of large- bandwidth systems, compact requirements, high-data rates. In this research, a design and simulation are made to a microstrip circular patch antenna. The patch has two circles a compact structure of the first circle radius is 2.5 mm and second circle radius is 1 mm with thickness 0.35 mm. The proposed antenna has three resonant frequencies 41.08 GHz with a return loss of -12.4 dB, 47.4 at -18.86 dB and 54.4 at return loss -24.3 dB. The bandwidths are 150 MHz, 222 MHz and 219 MHz, the gains of three resonant frequencies are 6.16 dB, 9.89 dB and 5.54 dB, with efficiency of 98%. A technique of inset feed transmission line was utilized to match the fifty Ω microstrip feedline and the radiating patch. Based upon the proposed design, a Roger RT Duroid 5880 substrate that possesses loss tangent of 0.0009 with a height of 0.5 mm and a dielectric constant of 2.2 is employed. A computational process is conducted and analyzed by the use of computer simulation technology microwave studio. </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="45208">
                <text>Mohammed Mahdi Salih Altufaili, Ameer Najm Najaf, Zainab Sabah Idan</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="45209">
                <text>DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v20i1.21019</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="45210">
                <text>Universitas Ahmad Dahlan</text>
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                <text>February 2022</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="45212">
                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="45213">
                <text>ISSN: 1693-6930</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
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                <text>http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA</text>
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                <text>English</text>
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                <text>TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control </text>
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        <name>Circular geometry</name>
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        <name>Fifth generation</name>
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        <name>Microstrip</name>
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        <name>Microstrip antenna</name>
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        <name>Patch antenna</name>
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                  <text>VOL. 20, NO. 1 2022</text>
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                <text>TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control &#13;
Design of multiple-input and multiple-output antenna for modern wireless applications </text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="45094">
                <text>5G MIMO antennas, Coefficient of correlation, Reflection coefficient, UWB array antenna, VSWR</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>In this paper, multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antennas are&#13;
designed and simulated. The designed antennas are compact double-sided printed microstrip patch antennas and fed by a microstrip line. These antennas are designed for 3.5 to 10 GHz frequencies used for medical, industrial, sciences, and various fields of 5G communications and networking applications. Furthermore, a MIMO system is designed using the polarization variability of the individual antennas, which yields better results in terms of mutual coupling (S12 and S21), reflection coefficient (S11 and S22), and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), which is less than 2 indicate improved matching conditions. The designed antennas showed an acceptable gain (around 2 dB) and an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is &lt;0.002. In addition, the proposed MIMO antennas exhibited isolation is -25 dB at 6 GHz, which is preferable in 5G mobile antennas. </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="45096">
                <text>Karrar Shakir Muttair, Oras Ahmed Shareef, Ahmed Mohammed Ahmed Sabaawi, Mahmood Farhan Mosleh</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="45097">
                <text>DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v20i1.19355</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="45">
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              <elementText elementTextId="45098">
                <text>Universitas Ahmad Dahlan</text>
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                <text>February 2022</text>
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Determinants of e-learning adoption in higher education in Iraq an academics and students’ perspective</text>
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                <text>E-learning allows the students to access, repeat and use the scientific&#13;
materials wherever and whenever the users want. Both academics and&#13;
learners are the leading and essential actors in the process of the learning process. Moreover, the acceptance of a technology is the positive react for users by using such technology. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, e-learning has become mandatory over the world, thus, there is a necessity to investigate the determinants of e-learning adoption in higher education institutions (HEIs) in Iraq. Consequently, this paper aims to investigate e-learning adoption and identify the determinants of e-learning in HEIs. An instrument was developed with eight dimensions based on technology organization and environmental (TOE) elements. The sample selection was of 580 students and 130 university lecturers who spread over several colleges. A clustering sampling method was used in the sampling selection process. Some hypotheses were proposed and tested via the paired T-test tool. To evaluate the relationship between the TOE variables and e-learning adoption, a regression analysis was carried out. The study findings classified into two categories, first, it helps to determine to what extent e-learning be&#13;
adopted. Second, it provides meaningful guidance for higher education&#13;
institutions that should follow as a pre-requested before adopting e-learning. </text>
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                <text>Soreen Ameen Fattah, Ayad Hameed Mousa, Mowafak K. Mohsen, Shahad Dakhil Khalaf, Seham Hameed Mousa</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v20i1.21550</text>
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                <text>Universitas Ahmad Dahlan</text>
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                <text>ISSN: 1693-6930</text>
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Determination of optimum load resistances of MQ-series gas sensor circuit for specific gas concentrations</text>
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                <text>Liquefied petroleum gas, MQ-6 gas sensor, Sensor circuit sensitivity, Sensor power dissipation,Sensor resistance</text>
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                <text>MQ-series gas sensors are frequently used in gas concentration sensing&#13;
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                <text>Ajiboye Aye Taiwo, Opadiji Jayeola Femi, Ajayi Adebimpe Ruth, Popoola Joshua Olusogo</text>
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                <text>DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v20i1.21091</text>
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