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                <text>THE AUTHOR REPLY : We thank the correspon�dents for their concerns. The World Health Organization defines stunting as short-stature (stunted) due to chronic malnutrition. Stunting is used as a marker of &#13;
chronic undernutrition (energy and protein deficiency) that further impairs brain development (decreased intelligence up to 13.1 points)1&#13;
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Social Responsibility of Medical Journal: A Concern for COVID-19 Pandemic (Editorial)</text>
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Visit to Singapore Medical Journal during COVID-19 Outbreak: Learning “Beyond” The Expectation (Editorial)</text>
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                <text>In the end of January 2020, some members of the Editorial Team of Medical Journal of Indonesia (MJI) visited Singapore Medical Journal (SMJ). With the support from Prof. Wilfred CG Peh who is the Editorial &#13;
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Air Pollution Impacts on Human Health and Policies to Reduce Air Pollution (Commentary)</text>
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                <text>The impact of air pollution on human health represents a serious public health crisis across Asia. Air pollution is well-recognized as an important risk factor for global disease burdens and has a major impact on human health, particularly among the vulnerable person, such as elder and children. Annually, 7 million premature deaths worldwide and 215.5 million disability�adjusted life years are attributable to exposure to &#13;
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Air Pollution and Human Health (Commentary)</text>
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                <text>Pollution is still the main environmental problem in the world. Air, water, soil, chemical, metal, and work-related pollution are often found in the environment. Among these pollutants, air pollution is the most &#13;
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                <text>Jurnal Internasional Medical Journal of Indonesia FKUI Vol. 29 No. 1 2020&#13;
Consumption of growing up milk and stunting among Indonesian toddlers (Correspondence)</text>
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                <text>TO THE EDITOR: Study on nutrition for infants and young children faces the challenge of innate study design bias. In the paper titled “Daily consumption of growing-up milk is associated with less stunting &#13;
among Indonesian toddlers,” reported by Sjarif et al1 published on issue 1 year 2019 concluded that daily consumption of 300 ml of growing-up milk (GUM) may be considered a preventative measure against stunting. &#13;
This conclusion needs to be interpreted carefully. The study was not originally designed to assess whether GUM consumption prevents stunting. Moreover, this cross-sectional study had a small sample size and was designed to validate “Ironcheq”, a questionnaire to detect the risk of iron deficiency in toddlers but not for stunting. The authors also conducted a subgroup analysis comparing the daily consumption of GUM in 41 children with stunting (defined as height-for-age or length-for-age Z score &lt;-2) and 131 without stunting (defined as height-for-age or length-for-age Z score &gt;-1). This observational and cross-sectional study was not &#13;
appropriately designed to explore stunting prevention.</text>
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                <text>Irma Hidayana, Tan Shot Yen, Dian Hadihardjono</text>
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                <text>Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                <text>Jurnal Internasional Medical Journal of Indonesia FKUI Vol. 29 No. 1 2020</text>
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                <text>Jurnal Internasional Medical Journal of Indonesia FKUI Vol. 29 No. 1 2020&#13;
A Systematic Review of Respiratory Infection due to Air Pollution during Natural Disasters</text>
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                <text> air pollution, disasters, respiratory tract infections, volcanic eruptions, &#13;
wildfires</text>
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                <text>BACKGROUND Wildfire and volcano eruption occurred in Indonesia due to its geographical location, climate change, global warming, and human behavior. Various substances produced an increased risk of experiencing health problems, including respiratory infection. Evidence about the effect of pulmonary infection during natural disasters is still limited. This study was aimed to review and elaborate on previous studies to determine the effect of air pollution exposure during natural disasters and respiratory infection.&#13;
METHODS Literature searches were conducted on PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar, and was limited to the 10 last years, human studies, and the English language. Inclusion criteria were articles with representation for clinical questions, review articles, population studies, and the full-text article was available. Exclusion criteria were articles that only discussed the exposure to and not the association with the effect of the respiratory infection. The Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine tools appraised six relevant articles.&#13;
RESULTS Air pollution during a natural disaster enhances particulate matter to 10–70 μg/m3 and more than 5 times the aerosol optical depth measurement compared with the tolerated air concentration. The air level was consistently related to acute respiratory infection, pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis admissions in wildfire smoke and volcanic eruption in this review. Nevertheless, there was a diverse result for &#13;
upper respiratory infection cases.&#13;
CONCLUSIONS Natural disasters increased the level of ambient air pollution that exceeded the levels recommended by the World Health Organization air quality guideline. Air pollution may play an important role in respiratory tract infection, especially among population with high exposure.</text>
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                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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                  <text>Medical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 29 No. 1 2020 FKUI</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="8522">
                <text>Jurnal Internasional Medical Journal of Indonesia FKUI Vol. 29 No. 1 2020&#13;
Health Consequences of Thick Forest Fire Smoke to Healthy Residents in Riau, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="8523">
                <text>carbon monoxide, exhalation, forest fire, Indonesia, lung function</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
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                <text>BACKGROUND Indonesia forest fire in 2015 emitted a huge amount of pollutants into the air. This study was aimed to assess the health consequences of forest fire smoke in healthy residents in Riau during forest fire disaster in 2015.&#13;
METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed in healthy residents who lived in Pekanbaru, Riau Province, Sumatera, for at least 6 months during forest fire disaster in 2015, and data were taken in October 2015. Questionnaires consisting of respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms were collected. Lung function was assessed by spirometry (MIR II Spirolab™ spirometer, Medical International Research, Italy) and exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) was assessed using piCO+ Smokerlyzer®. Heart rate at rest and oxygen saturation in the room air were measured using Onyx 9591 Pulse Oximeter®.&#13;
RESULTS A total of 89 subjects were mostly female (75.3%), housewife (37.7%), non�smoker (86.5%) with mean age of 38.9 years old. The non-respiratory and respiratory symptoms were reported in 84.7% and 71.4% subjects, respectively. Lung function was impaired in 72.6% subjects, mostly with mild obstruction and mild restriction. Exhaled CO was highly detected over normal values (mean [standard deviation] = 32.6 [9.97] &#13;
ppm) with predicted carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) of 5.74 (1.56). CONCLUSIONS Forest fire smoke exposure increased the respiratory and non�respiratory symptoms among healthy individuals, which showed impairment in lung function, exhaled CO, and predicted COHb. Long term health effects on healthy individuals exposed to forest fire smoke warrant further evaluation.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="8525">
                <text>Jamal Zaini, Agus Dwi Susanto, Erlang Samoedro, Vonni Christiana Bionika, Budhi Antariksa</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2020-03-26</text>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="8528">
                <text>Sri Wahyuni</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="8529">
                <text>ISSN : 0853-1773</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="8530">
                <text>PDF</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="8531">
                <text>English</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
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                <text>Text</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="8533">
                <text>Jurnal Internasional Medical Journal of Indonesia FKUI Vol. 29 No. 1 2020</text>
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        <name>carbon monoxide</name>
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        <name>exhalation</name>
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        <name>forest fire</name>
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      <tag tagId="27">
        <name>Indonesia</name>
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        <name>Jurnal Internasional</name>
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      <tag tagId="86">
        <name>lung function</name>
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