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                  <text>JURNAL INTERNASIONAL KEBIDANAN 2020-2023 UNIVERSITAS KEDOKTERAN GUILAN VOLUME 30 ISSUE 4.&#13;
JOURNAL OF HOLISTIC NURSING OF MIDWIFERY.&#13;
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                <text>JURNAL INTERNASIONAL KEBIDANAN 2020-2023 UNIVERSITAS KEDOKTERAN GUILAN VOLUME 30 ISSUE 4.&#13;
JOURNAL OF HOLISTIC NURSING OF MIDWIFERY.&#13;
Patients’ Satisfaction of Health Care System Reform Plan in Educational-Medical Centers of Rasht City in North of Iran, 2018</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Satisfaction, Hospital, Health care system reform plan, Inpatients</text>
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                <text>Introduction: One of the goals of the health system is to ensure that people are healthy. Reaching&#13;
this goal is only possible through the provision of the proper services. The satisfaction of patients&#13;
with the quality of health care services is used as a questionare to investigate the effectiveness of&#13;
hospital services concerning consumption management and patient care quality. It assists managers&#13;
and the decision-making network to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the system.&#13;
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the satisfaction of hospitalized patients in educational&#13;
and medical centers of Rasht City, Iran with the “Health Care System Reform Plan” in 2019.&#13;
Materials and Methods: The present study is an analytical cross-sectional study. A total of 395&#13;
patients hospitalized in educational and medical centers of Rasht City were selected based on&#13;
the stratified random sampling method and according to the inclusion criteria. The study data&#13;
were collected by a questionnaire examining patients’ satisfaction with the “Health Care System&#13;
Reform Plan” developed by the Treatment Deputy of Guilan University of Medical Sciences.&#13;
The questionnaire has 37 questions in 5 areas of patient’s satisfaction with hoteling, hospital&#13;
bills reduction program, resident physician program, notification program, the program for the&#13;
promotion of normal childbirth. Data analysis performed using descriptive statistics indicators and&#13;
Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis, and logistic regression model.&#13;
Results: The results showed the Mean±SD of samples’ age was 43.51±18 years. The majority&#13;
(23.8%) of the samples were less than 30 years old. Moreover, there was a significant difference&#13;
between satisfaction score of the Plan (P=0.009) in terms of gender, hospital bills (P=0.001), resident&#13;
physicians (P=0.009), and notification program (P=0.032). Also, men had a higher overall score than&#13;
women. The findings of this study showed that the Mean±SD satisfaction was equal to 82.8 9.1 with&#13;
a minimum score of 39.71. In the logistics model, only two variables of the hospital (P=0.017) and&#13;
job (P=0.001) were considered as the most important factors related to the overall satisfaction with&#13;
the “Health Care System Reform Plan”.&#13;
Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, patients’ satisfaction with the implementation of the&#13;
“Health Care System Reform Plan” was at the acceptable level and various factors have contributed&#13;
to this level of satisfaction.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="8340">
                <text>Samid Bahari Jokandan , Ataollah Asadi Louyeh , Zahra Majd Teimoori , Ehsan Kazem Nezhad Leili , Ezzat Paryad</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="8341">
                <text>Octoner 2020, Volume 30, Number 4</text>
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          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="8342">
                <text>peri irawan</text>
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                <text>english</text>
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        <name>Health care system reform plan</name>
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        <name>Hospital</name>
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      <tag tagId="209">
        <name>inpatients</name>
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      <tag tagId="25">
        <name>Jurnal Internasional</name>
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        <name>Satisfaction</name>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>JURNAL INTERNASIONAL KEBIDANAN 2020-2023 UNIVERSITAS KEDOKTERAN GUILAN VOLUME 30 ISSUE 4.&#13;
JOURNAL OF HOLISTIC NURSING OF MIDWIFERY.&#13;
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8328">
                <text>JURNAL INTERNASIONAL KEBIDANAN 2020-2023 UNIVERSITAS KEDOKTERAN GUILAN VOLUME 30 ISSUE 4.&#13;
JOURNAL OF HOLISTIC NURSING OF MIDWIFERY.&#13;
Effects of the Mother’s Individual Stimulation on the Growth and Development of Infants With Low Birth Weight History </text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8329">
                <text>Stimulation, Growth, Development, Low birth weight </text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Introduction: Mothers can immediately recognize the strength of their child’s development&#13;
process, thereby, providing early stimulation to the child’s physical, mental, and social aspects&#13;
of growth and development. Therefore, mothers and their skills play a beneficial role in the&#13;
child’s overall development and growth process.&#13;
Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of the mother’s independent stimulation&#13;
on the growth and development of infants.&#13;
Materials and Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a nonrandomized&#13;
&#13;
pretest-posttest design. The study population included mothers and their 0- to 12-month-&#13;
old infants with a history of Low Birth Weight (LBW) who met the inclusion criteria.&#13;
&#13;
The study was conducted in Karang Pule Health Center’s service area in Mataram City,&#13;
Indonesia. The length measuring tools and digital infant scale were used to measure the&#13;
developmental factors. Also, the prescreening development questionnaire was used to&#13;
assess the infants’ development. The frequency, mean, and standard deviation were used&#13;
as descriptive statistical analysis, also, the Wilcoxon test was used for bivariate analysis.&#13;
Results: The growth and developmental scores of the infants with LBW increased after&#13;
receiving the independent stimulation from their mothers. The observed changes were&#13;
as follows: The Mean±SD weight gain of 547.33±1459.40 g, the Mean±SD body length&#13;
increase of 3.46±6.32 cm, the Mean±SD head circumference increase of 1.65±3.40 cm, and&#13;
the Mean±SD infants’ development increase of 0.83±2.16 cm. Furthermore, the mother’s&#13;
independent stimulation affected the growth (P=0.0001; body length, weight, and head&#13;
circumference) and the development (P=0.04) of the infants with LBW history.&#13;
Conclusion: Mother’s independent stimulation significantly influences the growth (body&#13;
length, weight, and head circumference) and the development of infants with LBW history.&#13;
Further studies in this area are recommended.</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8331">
                <text>Linda Meliati, Ni Putu Karunia Ekayani , Siti Khadijah</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8332">
                <text>Octoner 2020, Volume 30, Number 4</text>
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          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8333">
                <text>peri irawan</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="8334">
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          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8335">
                <text>indonesia</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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        <name>Development</name>
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      <tag tagId="420">
        <name>Growth</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="25">
        <name>Jurnal Internasional</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="422">
        <name>Low birth weight</name>
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      <tag tagId="419">
        <name>Stimulation</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="8213">
                  <text>JURNAL INTERNASIONAL KEBIDANAN 2020-2023 UNIVERSITAS KEDOKTERAN GUILAN VOLUME 30 ISSUE 4.&#13;
JOURNAL OF HOLISTIC NURSING OF MIDWIFERY.&#13;
</text>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8307">
                <text>JURNAL INTERNASIONAL KEBIDANAN 2020-2023 UNIVERSITAS KEDOKTERAN GUILAN VOLUME 30 ISSUE 4.&#13;
JOURNAL OF HOLISTIC NURSING OF MIDWIFERY.&#13;
Comparison of Breastfeeding Self-efficacy in Mothers With Different Ages </text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8308">
                <text>Self-efficacy, Breastfeeding mothers, Predictive factors</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Introduction: Breastfeeding is one of the most important health-promoting behaviors&#13;
and one of the main goals of the World Health Organization. Breastfeeding self-efficacy is&#13;
an important variable in predicting the duration of breastfeeding and its continuation.&#13;
Breastfeeding self-efficacy is a modifiable parameter that is affected by various individual and&#13;
social factors.&#13;
Objective: This study aimed to compare breastfeeding self-efficacy levels of mothers with&#13;
different ages referred to comprehensive health centers.&#13;
Materials and Methods: This is a correlational study with a cross-sectional design. Study&#13;
samples were 460 breastfeeding mothers of different ages referred to comprehensive&#13;
health centers in Rasht City, Iran in 2019. The data collection tool was a two-part&#13;
questionnaire: A demographic form and a breastfeeding self-efficacy scale-short form&#13;
(BSES-SF). Data analysis was performed using the independent t-test, Analysis of Variance&#13;
(ANOVA), and regression.&#13;
Results: The Mean±SD scores of breastfeeding self-efficacy were as follows: 43.69±12.48 in&#13;
mothers under 19 years old, 50.26±10.93 years in mothers aged 19-35 years, and 58.35±8.53&#13;
years in mothers over 35 years old. There were statistically significant relationships between&#13;
breastfeeding self-efficacy and maternal age (P=0.0001), housing status (P=0.0001), monthly&#13;
income (P=0.0001), breastfeeding history (P=0.0001) and source of breastfeeding education&#13;
(P=0.014), number of pregnancies (P=0.0001) and number of deliveries (P=0.0001). The&#13;
variables of maternal age (β=4.130, P=0.0001, 95%CI; 2.165-6.051), monthly income&#13;
(β=1.735, P=0.002, 95% CI; 1.239-3.922), breastfeeding history (β=5.505, P=0.0001, 95%CI;&#13;
4.598-9.183) and number of pregnancies (β=3.553, P=0.0001, 95%CI; 1.278-4.098) were&#13;
predictors of breastfeeding self-efficacy.&#13;
Conclusion: Breastfeeding self-efficacy increases with the older age and its level is lower in&#13;
mothers aged &lt; 19 years than in other age groups. Counseling support for mothers at this age&#13;
is more necessary, and the need-based educational program should be designed for them.</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8310">
                <text>Elham Eslami , Sedigheh Pakseresht , Maryam Niknami , Zahra Atrkar Roshan</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8311">
                <text>Octoner 2020, Volume 30, Number 4</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8312">
                <text>peri irawan</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8313">
                <text>pdf</text>
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          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8314">
                <text>english</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
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    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="423">
        <name>Breastfeeding mothers</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="25">
        <name>Jurnal Internasional</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="424">
        <name>Predictive factors</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="367">
        <name>Self-efficacy</name>
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          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="8213">
                  <text>JURNAL INTERNASIONAL KEBIDANAN 2020-2023 UNIVERSITAS KEDOKTERAN GUILAN VOLUME 30 ISSUE 4.&#13;
JOURNAL OF HOLISTIC NURSING OF MIDWIFERY.&#13;
</text>
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    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8298">
                <text>JURNAL INTERNASIONAL KEBIDANAN 2020-2023 UNIVERSITAS KEDOKTERAN GUILAN VOLUME 30 ISSUE 4.&#13;
JOURNAL OF HOLISTIC NURSING OF MIDWIFERY.&#13;
The Relationship Between Social Support From Family and Quality of Life Among Cancer Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8299">
                <text>Quality of Life, Social support, Family, Cancer</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8300">
                <text>Introduction: Improving the Quality of Life (QoL) is considered one of the main objectives in&#13;
the care of cancer patients. Achieving this objective, it is essential to determine the factors&#13;
affecting QoL in cancer patients. The studies in the literature have determined the effects of&#13;
various factors on QoL but social support from family has remained to be studied.&#13;
Objective: The present study aimed to determine the relationship between perceived social&#13;
support from family and QoL in cancer patients.&#13;
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in an oncology unit of&#13;
a university hospital in İzmir City, Turkey, from March to October 2019. A convenience&#13;
sample of 276 cancer patients participated in the study. A patient identification form,&#13;
&#13;
the Perceived Social Support from family scale (PSS-Family), and the Quality of Life index-&#13;
cancer version (QLI-C) were used for data collection. The scores of PSS-Family and QLI-C&#13;
&#13;
ranged 0-20 and 66-396, respectively. Regression analysis was used to estimate the effect&#13;
of perceived social support from family on QoL.&#13;
Results: Of the participants, 65.2% were female. The Mean±SD age of the study sample was&#13;
47.5±14.4 years. Also, the Mean±SD scores of PSS-Family and QLI-C were 16.43±3.01 and&#13;
307.77±27.48, respectively. Regression analysis revealed that perceived social support from&#13;
family was associated with a relative increase in QoL index (B=3.44, P=0.001, R2&#13;
=0.141).&#13;
Conclusion: Perceived social support from family is positively associated with QoL in cancer&#13;
patients. Nurses should consider this relationship when they plan to improve the QoL of&#13;
cancer patients.</text>
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                <text>Ismail Toygar , Öznur Usta Yeşilbalkan , Merve Kürkütlü , Tuğba Akgün</text>
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                <text>peri irawan</text>
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                  <text>JURNAL INTERNASIONAL KEBIDANAN 2020-2023 UNIVERSITAS KEDOKTERAN GUILAN VOLUME 30 ISSUE 4.&#13;
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                <text>JURNAL INTERNASIONAL KEBIDANAN 2020-2023 UNIVERSITAS KEDOKTERAN GUILAN VOLUME 30 ISSUE 4.&#13;
JOURNAL OF HOLISTIC NURSING OF MIDWIFERY.&#13;
Relationship of Humidity and Atmospheric Pressure With the Risk of Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest </text>
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                <text>Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest, Climatic variables, Climate change, Mortality</text>
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                <text>Introduction: Climate change, which affects human health, is one of the most important&#13;
public health concerns. Few studies have examined the effects of humidity and atmospheric&#13;
pressure as risk factors on the cardiac system and Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest.&#13;
Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between climatic variables&#13;
(humidity and atmospheric pressure) with Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest , and its outcome&#13;
over 3 years (2016-2018).&#13;
Materials and Methods: This is an ecological time-series study. Participants were 392&#13;
patients with Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest referred to a governmental Hospital in Rasht&#13;
&#13;
City, Iran from 2016 to 2018. Meteorological data and information related to Out-of-&#13;
hospital Cardiac Arrest and its consequences were collected from reliable resources and&#13;
&#13;
were analyzed in R software.&#13;
Results: Low humidity increased the relative risk of Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest (OR=1.54,&#13;
95%CI: 1.001-2.69, P=0.001) and failed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (OR=1.76, 95% CI;&#13;
1.006-3.79, P=0.001). Higher atmospheric pressure was associated with increased risk of&#13;
Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest (OR=1.16, 95%CI; 1.001-1.78, P=0.001) and unsuccessful&#13;
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (OR=1.039, 95% CI; 1.005-1.91, P=0.001).&#13;
Conclusion: Decreased humidity and increased atmospheric pressure are associated with&#13;
an increased number of Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest cases and failure of cardiopulmonary&#13;
resuscitation. Informing people with cardiovascular disease to avoid such weather conditions,&#13;
as well as preparing the medical care team and designing early warning systems, can reduce&#13;
the adverse effects of climate change on the heart.</text>
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                  <text>JURNAL INTERNASIONAL KEBIDANAN 2020-2023 UNIVERSITAS KEDOKTERAN GUILAN VOLUME 30 ISSUE 4.&#13;
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                <text>JURNAL INTERNASIONAL KEBIDANAN 2020-2023 UNIVERSITAS KEDOKTERAN GUILAN VOLUME 30 ISSUE 4.&#13;
JOURNAL OF HOLISTIC NURSING OF MIDWIFERY.&#13;
Health Literacy and Its Related Factors in Non-medical College Students </text>
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                <text>Introduction: Health literacy plays a vital role in health education and health promotion and&#13;
has received increasing attention as a means to improve health outcomes and reduce health&#13;
inequality. The students’ awareness of health literacy and their weaknesses in this area are&#13;
essential for educational planning.&#13;
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the health literacy of non-medical college students&#13;
and it’s affecting factors.&#13;
Materials and Methods: This is a correlational study conducted on 250 non-medical&#13;
students at the Islamic Azad University of Rasht branch, Rasht City, Iran in the academic&#13;
year 2018-2019. They were selected using a random sampling method. The data collection&#13;
tool was the Health Literacy For Iranian Adults (HELIA) questionnaire. The collected data&#13;
were analyzed using the descriptive and analytical statistics (t-test, the Pearson correlation&#13;
test, and the Chi-square test).&#13;
Results: The Mean±SD of the HELIA score was 68.44±12.72 (out of 100). About 6.8% of&#13;
students had inadequate health literacy, 29.6% problematic health literacy, 54.4% adequate&#13;
health literacy, and 9.2% excellent health literacy. Students had the highest score in the&#13;
dimensions of understanding Mean±SD (77.11±15.82) and access Mean±SD (72.35±16.73),&#13;
while in decision-making and applying health information Mean±SD (55.62±15.01) they had&#13;
the lowest score. There was no statistically significant correlation between students’ age and&#13;
health literacy scores, but a statistically significant relationship was reported between their&#13;
gender and health literacy levels (P=0.049). The Internet (54.8%) and physicians and health&#13;
workers (27.2%) were the most important sources of information about health for students.&#13;
Conclusion: Many students lacked sufficient health literacy. Since most of them received&#13;
information about health issues through the Internet, educational health programs and&#13;
contents can be provided to them through the Internet and social networks.</text>
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                <text>Asiyeh Namazi</text>
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                <text>Octoner 2020, Volume 30, Number</text>
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                  <text>JURNAL INTERNASIONAL KEBIDANAN 2020-2023 UNIVERSITAS KEDOKTERAN GUILAN VOLUME 30 ISSUE 4.&#13;
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                <text>JURNAL INTERNASIONAL KEBIDANAN 2020-2023 UNIVERSITAS KEDOKTERAN GUILAN VOLUME 30 ISSUE 4.&#13;
JOURNAL OF HOLISTIC NURSING OF MIDWIFERY.&#13;
The Relationship Between Communication Skills and Early Maladaptive Schemas in Pediatric Nurses </text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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                <text>Introduction: In nursing, the communication between the nurse and the child is the core&#13;
of child care. Some barriers can affect the nurse-patient relationship to have proper&#13;
communication skills for child care.&#13;
Objective: This study aimed to examine the correlation between communication skills and&#13;
early maladaptive schemas in nurses working in pediatric wards.&#13;
Materials and Methods: This is an analytical and correlational study. The participants&#13;
were 178 nurses working in a children’s hospital in Rasht City, Iran in 2016. The data&#13;
collection tool was a three-part questionnaire: A demographic form, the interpersonal&#13;
communication skills scale (ASMA), and the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form&#13;
(YSQ-SF). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Friedman&#13;
and Spearman tests.&#13;
Results: The majority of nurses were younger than 30 years (80.8%), had a bachelor’s degree&#13;
in nursing (89.0%), were married (65.1%), had children (54.8%), were living in urban areas&#13;
(95.2%), had employment status (63.3%) and less than 15 years of work experience (46.5%).&#13;
The highest mean scores of ASMA (44.12±0.53) and YSQ-SF tools (2.65±1.04) were related to&#13;
general communication skills and then disconnection and rejection, respectively. The results&#13;
of the Spearman correlation test showed that the overall ASMA score had significant negative&#13;
correlations with early maladaptive schemas of impaired autonomy and performance (r=&#13;
-0.283), impaired limits (r= -0.421), other-directedness (r= -0.303), and disconnection and&#13;
rejection (r= -0.302) (P=0.0001)&#13;
Conclusion: Nurses who have a higher level of early maladaptive schemas showed poorer&#13;
communication skills. Examining maladaptive schemas in nurses may provide appropriate&#13;
strategies to improve their communication skills.</text>
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                <text>Octoner 2020, Volume 30, Number 4</text>
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                  <text>JURNAL INTERNASIONAL KEBIDANAN 2020-2023 UNIVERSITAS KEDOKTERAN GUILAN VOLUME 30 ISSUE 4.&#13;
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                <text>JURNAL INTERNASIONAL KEBIDANAN 2020-2023 UNIVERSITAS KEDOKTERAN GUILAN VOLUME 30 ISSUE 4.&#13;
JOURNAL OF HOLISTIC NURSING OF MIDWIFERY.&#13;
The Mediating Role of Defensive Mechanisms in the Relationship Between Social Phobia and Alexithymia in University Students </text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>Social phobia, Alexithymia, Defense mechanisms</text>
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                <text>Introduction: Psychological factors play a key role in people's emotional responses to different&#13;
social situations.&#13;
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of defense mechanisms in the&#13;
relationship between social phobia and alexithymia, in the students of Farhangian University,&#13;
Sari City, Iran.&#13;
Materials and Methods: This was an analytical, correlational study that specifically used&#13;
structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all students of the&#13;
Farhangian University of Sari city, Iran, in the academic year of 2019-2020. A sample of 234&#13;
people was recruited with the available sampling method. The social phobia inventory,&#13;
defense mechanism questionnaire, and Toronto alexithymia scale were used to measure&#13;
the research variables. Finally, the proposed model was evaluated using structural&#13;
equation modeling.&#13;
Results: The results showed that social phobia variables, undeveloped defensive mechanisms,&#13;
and psychotic defensive mechanisms are positively correlated with alexithymia. Also, there&#13;
is a significant negative correlation between developed defensive style and alexithymia&#13;
(P=0.001). The results indicated significant correlations of social phobia (r=0.28), undeveloped&#13;
defensive style (r=0.31), psychotic defensive style (r=0.28), and developed defensive style (r=&#13;
-0.30) with alexithymia (P=0.001). Moreover, the research model was approved: defensive&#13;
mechanisms mediate the relationship between social phobia and alexithymia in the students.&#13;
The defensive mechanisms and social phobia affect 48% of the alexithymia variable.&#13;
Conclusion: The students with adaptive defensive mechanisms experience lower social&#13;
phobia and alexithymia symptoms. Also, social phobia indirectly affects alexithymia through&#13;
the mediating role of defense mechanisms.</text>
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                <text>Mansour Nasiri , Reza Donyavi , Yarali Dousti</text>
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                <text>Octoner 2020, Volume 30, Number 4</text>
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                <text>peri irawan</text>
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        <name>Alexithymia</name>
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        <name>Jurnal Internasional</name>
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        <name>Social phobia</name>
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