1 10 14 https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/7f7148bcfa6a6dd75fc3d932dabc4e88.pdf ea672f8bb7283997dc12dc938c6e8826 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource VOLUME 103 Tahun 2022 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.jstatsoft.org/issue/view/v103 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Blang: Bayesian Declarative Modeling of General Data Structures and Inference via Algorithms Based on Distribution Continua Subject The topic of the resource Bayesian modeling language, Bayesian inference, non-standard data structures, Blang. Description An account of the resource Consider a Bayesian inference problem where a variable of interest does not take values in a Euclidean space. These “non-standard” data structures are in reality fairly common. They are frequently used in problems involving latent discrete factor models, networks, and domain specific problems such as sequence alignments and reconstructions, pedigrees, and phylogenies. In principle, Bayesian inference should be particularly wellsuited in such scenarios, as the Bayesian paradigm provides a principled way to obtain confidence assessment for random variables of any type. However, much of the recent work on making Bayesian analysis more accessible and computationally efficient has focused on inference in Euclidean spaces. In this paper, we introduce Blang, a domain specific language and library aimed at bridging this gap. Blang allows users to perform Bayesian analysis on arbitrary data types while using a declarative syntax similar to the popular family of probabilistic programming languages, BUGS. Blang is augmented with intuitive language additions to create data types of the user’s choosing. To perform inference at scale on such arbitrary state spaces, Blang leverages recent advances in sequential Monte Carlo and non-reversible Markov chain Monte Carlo methods Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alexandre Bouchard-Côté Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.jstatsoft.org/article/view/v103i11 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of British Columbia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 2022 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/3a3c81f26bc2e573832ad8df13de8338.pdf 2ded9b0998e9f6764e01e03b15468bbc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource VOLUME 103 Tahun 2022 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.jstatsoft.org/issue/view/v103 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robust Mediation Analysis: The R Package robmed Subject The topic of the resource mediation analysis, robust statistics, bootstrap, R. Description An account of the resource Mediation analysis is one of the most widely used statistical techniques in the social, behavioral, and medical sciences. Mediation models allow to study how an independent variable affects a dependent variable indirectly through one or more intervening variables, which are called mediators. The analysis is often carried out via a series of linear regressions, in which case the indirect effects can be computed as products of coefficients from those regressions. Statistical significance of the indirect effects is typically assessed via a bootstrap test based on ordinary least-squares estimates. However, this test is sensitive to outliers or other deviations from normality assumptions, which poses a serious threat to empirical testing of theory about mediation mechanisms. The R package robmed implements a robust procedure for mediation analysis based on the fast-and-robust bootstrap methodology for robust regression estimators, which yields reliable results even when the data deviate from the usual normality assumptions. Various other procedures for mediation analysis are included in package robmed as well. Moreover, robmed introduces a new formula interface that allows to specify mediation models with a single formula, and provides various plots for diagnostics or visual representation of the results. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Andreas Alfons Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.jstatsoft.org/article/view/v103i13 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Erasmus University Rotterdam Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 2022 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/112d85eee5e9d92bc91bc25625dbefee.pdf 43dd513d083d607e0a926e31a37e46af Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource VOLUME 103 Tahun 2022 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.jstatsoft.org/issue/view/v103 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource spNNGP R Package for Nearest Neighbor Gaussian Process Models Subject The topic of the resource : MCMC, nearest neighbor Gaussian process, kriging, R Description An account of the resource This paper describes and illustrates functionality of the spNNGP R package. The package provides a suite of spatial regression models for Gaussian and non-Gaussian pointreferenced outcomes that are spatially indexed. The package implements several Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) and MCMC-free nearest neighbor Gaussian process (NNGP) models for inference about large spatial data. Non-Gaussian outcomes are modeled using a NNGP Pólya-Gamma latent variable. OpenMP parallelization options are provided to take advantage of multiprocessor systems. Package features are illustrated using simulated and real data sets Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Andrew O. Finley Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.jstatsoft.org/article/view/v103i05 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Michigan State University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 2022 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/08f1f3b6deb80e73fa3324dbf2ca89ae.pdf 8fa1e59595bc963421ddc0a0f9746101 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource VOLUME 103 Tahun 2022 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.jstatsoft.org/issue/view/v103 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource evgam: An R Package for Generalized Additive Extreme Value Models Subject The topic of the resource : generalized extreme value distribution, generalized Pareto distribution, point process, generalized additive model, Laplace’s method, R Description An account of the resource This article introduces the R package evgam. The package provides functions for fitting extreme value distributions. These include the generalized extreme value and generalized Pareto distributions. The former can also be fitted through a point process representation. Package evgam supports quantile regression via the asymmetric Laplace distribution, which can be useful for estimating high thresholds, sometimes used to discriminate between extreme and non-extreme values. The main addition of package evgam is to let extreme value distribution parameters have generalized additive model forms, the smoothness of which can be objectively estimated using Laplace’s method. Illustrative examples fitting various distributions with various specifications are given. These include daily precipitation accumulations for part of Colorado, US, used to illustrate spatial models, and daily maximum temperatures for Fort Collins, Colorado, US, used to illustrate temporal models Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benjamin D. Youngman Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.jstatsoft.org/article/view/v103i03 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Exeter Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 2022 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/94dea49a54dcef2f52cccfac2721f178.pdf 6fd720f6df55e029335b322ea6c3e7c7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource VOLUME 103 Tahun 2022 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.jstatsoft.org/issue/view/v103 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Feller-Pareto and Related Distributions: Numerical Implementation and Actuarial Applications Subject The topic of the resource Feller-Pareto, distribution, transformed beta, beta of the second kind, actuar, R. Description An account of the resource Actuaries model insurance claim amounts using heavy tailed probability distributions. They routinely need to evaluate quantities related to these distributions such as quantiles in the far right tail, moments or limited moments. Furthermore, actuaries often resort to simulation to solve otherwise untractable risk evaluation problems. The paper discusses our implementation of support functions for the Feller-Pareto distribution for the R package actuar. The Feller-Pareto defines a large family of heavy tailed distributions encompassing the transformed beta family and many variants of the Pareto distribution. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Christophe Dutang Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.jstatsoft.org/article/view/v103i06 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Université Paris-Dauphine Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 2022 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/08189fcf88751d9cfa30595e62cbe28a.pdf 035ae2f0aebe57d0eb96aecb231ae0d1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource VOLUME 103 Tahun 2022 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.jstatsoft.org/issue/view/v103 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Automatic Identification and Forecasting of Structural Unobserved Components Models with UComp Subject The topic of the resource unobserved components models, state space models, Kalman filter, fixed point smoother, maximum likelihood, R, MATLAB, Octave. Description An account of the resource UComp is a powerful library for building unobserved components models, useful for forecasting and other important operations, such us de-trending, cycle analysis, seasonal adjustment, signal extraction, etc. One of the most outstanding features that makes UComp unique among its class of related software implementations is that models may be built automatically by identification algorithms (three versions are available). These algorithms select the best model among many possible combinations. Another relevant feature is that it is coded in C++, opening the door to link it to different popular and widely used environments, like R, MATLAB, Octave, Python, etc. The implemented models for the components are more general than the usual ones in the field of unobserved components modeling, including different types of trend, cycle, seasonal and irregular components, input variables and outlier detection. The automatic character of the algorithms required the development of many complementary algorithms to control performance and make it applicable to as many different time series as possible. The library is open source and available in different formats in public repositories. The performance of the library is illustrated working on real data in several varied examples. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Diego J. Pedregal Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.jstatsoft.org/article/view/v103i09 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 2022 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/b0641b1864e01830746d63f30709918f.pdf 58c9977073d7181ede2f0c4f8835e62a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource VOLUME 103 Tahun 2022 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.jstatsoft.org/issue/view/v103 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hierarchical Clustering with Contiguity Constraint in R Subject The topic of the resource R, hclust, constrained clustering, space, chronological clustering, Lance and Williams algorithm Description An account of the resource This article presents a new implementation of hierarchical clustering for the R language that allows one to apply spatial or temporal contiguity constraints during the clustering process. The need for contiguity constraint arises, for instance, when one wants to partition a map into different domains of similar physical conditions, identify discontinuities in time series, group regional administrative units with respect to their performance, and so on. To increase computation efficiency, we programmed the core functions in plain C. The result is a new R function, constr.hclust, which is distributed in package adespatial. The program implements the general agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm described by Lance and Williams (1966; 1967), with the particularity of allowing only clusters that are contiguous in geographic space or along time to fuse at any given step. Contiguity can be defined with respect to space or time. Information about spatial contiguity is provided by a connection network among sites, with edges describing the links between connected sites. Clustering with a temporal contiguity constraint is also known as chronological clustering. Information on temporal contiguity can be implicitly provided as the rank positions of observations in the time series. The implementation was mirrored on that found in the hierarchical clustering function hclust of the standard R package stats (R Core Team 2022). We transcribed that function from Fortran to C and added the functionality to apply constraints when running the function. The implementation is efficient. It is limited mainly by input/output access as massive amounts of memory are potentially needed to store copies of the dissimilarity matrix and update its elements when analyzing large problems. We provided R computer code for plotting results for numbers of clusters. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Guillaume Guénard Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.jstatsoft.org/article/view/v103i07 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Université de Montréal Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 2022 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/631260b9b49e68d094663e6450d38676.pdf 97d68123c5a22e05879b990ff65422d3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource VOLUME 103 Tahun 2022 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.jstatsoft.org/issue/view/v103 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource exuber: Recursive Right-Tailed Unit Root Testing with R Subject The topic of the resource : mildly explosive time series, right-tailed unit root tests, R. Description An account of the resource This paper introduces the R package exuber for testing and date-stamping periods of mildly explosive dynamics (exuberance) in time series. The package computes test statistics for the supremum augmented Dickey-Fuller test (SADF) of Phillips, Wu, and Yu (2011), the generalized SADF (GSADF) of Phillips, Shi, and Yu (2015a,b), and the panel GSADF proposed by Pavlidis, Yusupova, Paya, Peel, Martínez-García, Mack, and Grossman (2016); generates finite-sample critical values based on Monte Carlo and bootstrap methods; and implements the corresponding date-stamping procedures. The recursive least-squares algorithm that we introduce in our implementation of these techniques utilizes the matrix inversion lemma and in that way achieves significant speed improvements. We illustrate the speed gains in a simulation experiment, and provide illustrations of the package using artificial series and a panel on international house prices. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kostas Vasilopoulos Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.jstatsoft.org/article/view/v103i10 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lancaster University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 2022 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/fed21f0d7646577ffe77c205d0ce2988.pdf f5edec3fd4e60125d9af97cbc3bafa75 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource VOLUME 103 Tahun 2022 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.jstatsoft.org/issue/view/v103 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource scikit-mobility: A Python Library for the Analysis, Generation, and Risk Assessment of Mobility Data Subject The topic of the resource : data science, human mobility, mobility analysis, spatio-temporal analysis, big data, network science, data mining, Python, mathematical modeling, migration models, privacy Description An account of the resource The last decade has witnessed the emergence of massive mobility datasets, such as tracks generated by GPS devices, call detail records, and geo-tagged posts from social media platforms. These datasets have fostered a vast scientific production on various applications of mobility analysis, ranging from computational epidemiology to urban planning and transportation engineering. A strand of literature addresses data cleaning issues related to raw spatiotemporal trajectories, while the second line of research focuses on discovering the statistical “laws” that govern human movements. A significant effort has also been put on designing algorithms to generate synthetic trajectories able to reproduce, realistically, the laws of human mobility. Last but not least, a line of research addresses the crucial problem of privacy, proposing techniques to perform the re-identification of individuals in a database. A view on state-of-the-art cannot avoid noticing that there is no statistical software that can support scientists and practitioners with all the aspects mentioned above of mobility data analysis. In this paper, we propose scikit-mobility, a Python library that has the ambition of providing an environment to reproduce existing research, analyze mobility data, and simulate human mobility habits. scikit-mobility is efficient and easy to use as it extends pandas, a popular Python library for data analysis. Moreover, scikit-mobility provides the user with many functionalities, from visualizing trajectories to generating synthetic data, from analyzing statistical patterns to assessing the privacy risk related to the analysis of mobility datasets. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Luca Pappalardo Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.jstatsoft.org/article/view/v103i04 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available ISTI-CNR Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 2022 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/64ba36e80033f5882e50b02a2caebfc2.pdf 71693303c274ac5cbd50f56b99b3d60a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource VOLUME 103 Tahun 2022 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.jstatsoft.org/issue/view/v103 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource stringi: Fast and Portable Character String Processing in R Subject The topic of the resource , character strings, text, ICU, Unicode, regular expressions, data cleansing, natural language processing, R. Description An account of the resource Effective processing of character strings is required at various stages of data analysis pipelines: from data cleansing and preparation, through information extraction, to report generation. Pattern searching, string collation and sorting, normalization, transliteration, and formatting are ubiquitous in text mining, natural language processing, and bioinformatics. This paper discusses and demonstrates how and why stringi, a mature R package for fast and portable handling of string data based on ICU (International Components for Unicode), should be included in each statistician’s or data scientist’s repertoire to complement their numerical computing and data wrangling skills Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Marek Gagolewski Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.jstatsoft.org/article/view/v103i02 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Deakin University Polish Academy of Sciences Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 2022 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text