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                <text>Standing up to problematic content on social media: which&#13;
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                <text>Problematic content on social media can be countered through objections raised by other community members. While intended to deter&#13;
offenses, objections can influence the surrounding audience observing the interaction, leading to their collective approval or disapproval. The&#13;
results of an experiment manipulating seven types of objections against common types of offenses indicate audiences’ support for objections&#13;
&#13;
that implore via appeals and disapproval of objections that threaten the offender, as they view the former as more moral, appropriate, and effec-&#13;
tive compared to the latter. Furthermore, audiences tend to prefer more benign and less threatening objections regardless of the offense sever-&#13;
ity (following the principle of “taking the high road”) instead of objections proportionate to the offense (“an eye for an eye”). Taken together,&#13;
&#13;
these results show how objections to offensive behaviors may impact collective perceptions on social media, paving the way for interventions&#13;
to foster effective objection strategies in social media discussions.</text>
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                <text>Pengfei Zhao1,�, Natalie N. Bazarova1&#13;
&#13;
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&#13;
, Winice Hui1&#13;
&#13;
, Rene � F. Kizilcec3&#13;
,&#13;
&#13;
Drew Margolin</text>
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                <text>Smiling women pitching down: auditing representational&#13;
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                <text>Generative AI, DALLE 2, gender bias, algorithm auditing, computer vision.</text>
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                <text>Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) models like DALLE 2 can interpret prompts and generate high-quality images that exhibit human creativity.&#13;
Though public enthusiasm is booming, systematic auditing of potential gender biases in AI-generated images remains scarce. We addressed&#13;
this gap by examining the prevalence of two occupational gender biases (representational and presentational biases) in 15,300 DALLE 2 images&#13;
spanning 153 occupations. We assessed potential bias amplification by benchmarking against the 2021 U.S. census data and Google&#13;
Images. Our findings reveal that DALLE 2 underrepresents women in male-dominated fields while overrepresenting them in female-dominated&#13;
occupations. Additionally, DALLE 2 images tend to depict more women than men with smiles and downward-pitching heads, particularly in&#13;
&#13;
female-dominated (versus male-dominated) occupations. Our algorithm auditing study demonstrates more pronounced representational and pre-&#13;
sentational biases in DALLE 2 compared to Google Images and calls for feminist interventions to curtail the potential impacts of such biased AI-&#13;
generated images on the media ecology.</text>
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                <text>Luhang Sun 1&#13;
&#13;
, Mian Wei 1&#13;
&#13;
, Yibing Sun 1&#13;
&#13;
, Yoo Ji Suh 1&#13;
&#13;
, Liwei Shen 2&#13;
&#13;
, Sijia Yang</text>
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                <text>Digital disconnection, digital inequality, and subjective&#13;
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                <text>digital disconnection, digital detox, digital inequality, subjective well-being, preregistration, ecological momentary assessment.</text>
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                <text>Drawing on theories of digital media (non-)use and well-being, this study examines how voluntary disconnection relates to subjective well-being&#13;
and what role digital skills play in this relationship. We rely on mobile experience sampling methods to link nuanced disconnection practices&#13;
throughout the day (e.g., putting screen devices away and muting notifications) with momentary experiences of well-being. We collected 4,028&#13;
responses from 105 mobile media users over the course of one week. Multilevel regression analyses revealed neither significant within-person&#13;
effects of disconnection on affective well-being, social connectedness, or life satisfaction, nor a significant moderation effect of digital skills.&#13;
Exploratory analyses, however, show that effects of disconnection on well-being vary greatly across participants, and that effects are dependent&#13;
on whether one disconnects in the physical copresence of others. Our study offers a refined perspective on the consequences, or lack thereof,&#13;
of deliberate non-use of technology in the digital age.</text>
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                <text>Minh Hao Nguyen 1,* and Eszter Hargittai 2</text>
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                <text>https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmad044</text>
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                <text>Oxford University Press on behalf of International Communication Association.</text>
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                <text>From context adaptation to context restoration: strategies,&#13;
motivations, and decision rules of managing context&#13;
collapse on WeChat</text>
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                <text>context collapse, context restoration, context adaptation, self-presentation, privacy management, WeChat.</text>
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                <text>Context collapse occurs on social media platforms when different groups are mixed into one audience. To advance the understanding of the ex-&#13;
tensive and complex coping strategies people use to address context collapse, this study makes a conceptual distinction between passively&#13;
&#13;
adapting by sharing context-free, general information (context adaptation) and rebuilding contexts to satisfy the diverse needs of impression&#13;
management (context restoration). This study in-depth interviewed 51 WeChat users (30 working professionals and 21 college students) in urban&#13;
China. The results identified strategies for context restoration through reconstructing contextual boundaries on psychological, relational, spatial,&#13;
and temporal dimensions. These findings highlight individual (effort minimization, self-consciousness, and privacy concerns) and audience factors&#13;
(the heterogeneity and activeness of the audience) in determining the adoption of specific strategies. This study emphasizes the subjectivity and&#13;
agency of users in relation to the social media ecosystem and develops a theoretical spectrum systematically situating users’ coping behaviors&#13;
for mitigating context collapse.</text>
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                <text>Pengxiang Li1,*, Hichang Cho2&#13;
&#13;
, Cuihua Shen 3&#13;
&#13;
, Hangchen Kong4</text>
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                <text>https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmad043</text>
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                <text>Oxford University Press on behalf of International Communication Association.</text>
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                <text>Codesigning community networking literacies with rural/&#13;
remote Northern Indigenous communities in Northwest&#13;
Territories, Canada</text>
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                <text>digital inclusion, digital literacy, digital divide, community networks, Northern Canada, Indigenous Peoples.</text>
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                <text>Digital literacy research and practice typically presume certain conditions, such as an urban orientation and adequate, affordable access to&#13;
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balance connectivity challenges and digital innovations with land-based living specific to place and community. Drawing on efforts to broaden&#13;
critical digital literacies to support Indigenous sovereignty, we consider how overlapping contexts of places, communities, and infrastructures&#13;
intersect in the cocreation of appropriate digital literacy. Specifically, we discuss a series of virtually facilitated, participatory workshops that utilize&#13;
“hacker literacies” and “infrastructure literacy” to reimagine connectivity infrastructure and demonstrate the potential of community networking&#13;
in, with, and by rural/remote Indigenous communities. We also reflect on limitations of this work and identify lessons for future projects.</text>
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&#13;
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&#13;
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&#13;
, Marıa Alvarez Malvido3&#13;
,&#13;
&#13;
Murat Akc ̧ayir1</text>
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                <text>Too scared to share? Fear of social sanctions for political&#13;
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                <text>While social media provide opportunities for political expression, many people may be reluctant to share their opinions if they fear personal or&#13;
professional repercussions for posting political views. Fear of social sanctions (FOSSs) therefore represents a promising approach to investigate&#13;
why people often avoid expressing political opinions online. Using panel survey data collected during the 2020 U.S. election, this study examines&#13;
the predictors of FOSSs, as well as its relationship with several forms of online political expression. Results indicate that the ideological diversity&#13;
of people’s online networks fosters their FOSSs, which in turn is associated with decreases in several types of online political expression. Thus,&#13;
FOSSs may be an important determinant in individuals’ calculations to express political opinions online and may also hinder lower commitment&#13;
forms of political engagement.</text>
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                <text>Brian E. Weeks 1,*, Audrey Halversen1&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>The story of social media: evolving news coverage of&#13;
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                <text>This article examines how American news media have framed social media as political technologies over time. To do so, we analyzed 16 years&#13;
of political news stories focusing on social media, published by American newspapers (N 1⁄4 8,218) and broadcasters (N 1⁄4 6,064) (2006–2021).&#13;
Using automated content analysis, we found that coverage of social media in political news stories: (a) increasingly uses anxious, angry, and&#13;
moral language, (b) is consistently focused on national politicians (vs. non-elite actors), and (c) increasingly emphasizes normatively negative&#13;
uses (e.g., misinformation) and their remedies (i.e., regulation). In discussing these findings, we consider the ways that these prominent&#13;
normative representations of social media may shape (and limit) their role in political life.</text>
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                <text>Daniel S. Lane 1&#13;
&#13;
*, Hannah Overbye-Thompson1&#13;
&#13;
, Emilija Gagrcin2</text>
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                <text>PERI IRAWAN</text>
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                <text>I wanna share this, but...: explicating invested costs and&#13;
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Facebook and users’ well-being and social capital</text>
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                <text>social grooming model, social grooming, invested cost, privacy, social capital, well-being, image awareness.</text>
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                <text>The social grooming model (SGM), which theorizes social media users’ social grooming behaviors based on invested costs, is robust, reflecting&#13;
various and nuanced social grooming styles. However, its core assumptions have not been validated. Using a nationally representative sample of&#13;
&#13;
1,001 Taiwanese social media users, we explored costs and privacy for each social grooming behavior via a survey. Our results supported the hy-&#13;
potheses of the SGM. Users reported greater costs and reputational concerns for private topics than public topics, and higher costs for emotional&#13;
&#13;
and controversial topics than for informational and trending topics. With the new five styles identified in this study, social butterflies and meform-&#13;
ers reported significantly greater social capital and well-being than lurkers; however, social butterflies reported greater invested costs in social&#13;
&#13;
grooming than meformers, indicating that being strategic is most efficient when it comes to social grooming, considering invested costs and the&#13;
social benefits. SGM is robust and can reflect rich social grooming patterns.</text>
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                <text>Jih-Hsuan (Tammy) Lin 1,2,*, Christine Linda Cook 3&#13;
&#13;
, Ji-Wei Yang1</text>
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