1 10 10 https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/adba4a494a51703fb6bcd467edb89f8e.pdf f001d7343ef127710b5c5115e5cede63 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jurnal Internasional Afrika vol. 14 issue 1 2024 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Emergency care capacity in Sierra Leone: A multicentre analysis Subject The topic of the resource Emergency care systems Facility assessment Service delivery Toolk Description An account of the resource Background: The Disease Control Priorities Project estimates that over 50 % of annual mortality in low- and middle-income countries can be addressed by improved emergency care. Sierra Leone’s Ministry of Health and Sanitation has highlighted emergency care as a national priority. We conducted the first multicentre analysis of emergency care capacity in Sierra Leone, using the Hospital Emergency Unit Assessment Tool (HEAT) to analyse 14 government hospitals across the country. Methods: HEAT is a standardised assessment that is recommended in the World Health Organisation Emergency Care Toolkit. It has been used comparably elsewhere. To analyse Sierra Leone’s emergency care capacity with the HEAT data, we created the HEAT-adjusted Emergency Care Capacity Score. Purposeful sampling was used to select 14 government facilities nationwide. A multidisciplinary team was interviewed over a 2-day in-person visit to each facility. Results: Human Resources was the strongest parameter, scoring 49 %. All hospitals provided emergency cover 24/7. Emergency Diagnostic Services was the most severely limited parameter, scoring 29 %. 3 hospitals had no access to basic radiography. Infrastructure scored 47 %. 2 hospitals had adequate electricity supply; 5 had adequate clean, running water. No hospitals had adequate oxygen supply. Clinical services scored 39 %. 10 hospitals had no designated Emergency Unit, only 2 triaged to stratify severity. Signal functions scored 38 %. No hospitals had reliable access to emergency drugs such as adrenaline. The total HEAT-adjusted Emergency Care Capacity Score across all hospitals was 40 %. Conclusions: These data identify gaps that have already led to local interventions, including focussing emergency resources to a resuscitation area, and training multidisciplinary teams in emergency care skills. This facility-level analysis could feed into wider assessment of Sierra Leone’s emergency care systems at every level, which may help prioritise government strategy to target sustainable strengthening of national emergency care. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Zosia Bredow a,* , Zoe Corbett a , Moses Mohamed Tarawally a,b , Lucy Jackson a , Foday Tejan Mansaray a,c , Santigie Sesay d,1 , Andrew Leather a, Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/280685/1-s2.0-S2211419X23X00056/1-s2.0-S2211419X2400003X/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEKD%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJGMEQCIH4TT8jNan5CUjxGrMI2guOH5FDHphtnQD9U8VbpU%2BOKAiAdwWNsKg1YsY7JbMSCmS3S5kyMqCELVaumDpwxp98Okiq8BQiJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAUaDDA1OTAwMzU0Njg2NSIMbddR7Dnw6xdZZrpxKpAFYUuFIpHvADM1TpPqAEgKbxYWaVX8pgj%2Fq3KKm8%2Fz8dC%2FG4DI46SUHpwIZmF955%2F2R9HTrH2Dgm0stMLH%2B4KKtaamrcmSCYSq9hgUkk6QsGHW45wrLXQp9527uyykDGSnpXWU%2BHov6YgcGNMZHZtf0kmBorugkPk9P2E%2Fcf8Ct9TAVUnEmU6qesoXMOKwtXp9HruYGYSusIIHGFR2wWVV2EQ%2BP%2BI39OfPvsjbncCgjY%2FdrHoB1gubx5aCy05AjdW1YzcaRrLzgSWhof85PZbBCx1%2FIDy%2Fzw2GiJ%2BnBezKkBfGPpDE2eubcTypCh7mnhpXRXquKNorjiDAwgtjomniLS1BUxKb7hiL27hNfwvEYCiCWCOrQd4ue%2BIG2%2FxmrMSw7pFfG9SXwckByzXN59pzV%2BmD449M5e45gaK4C05o1RPQvuKvtvl%2FeqAwQd48LSYiKMK0UhDGfDbVnYl%2FGvTs19F1R9RQcBWNizFdXCcLMq2OU0DXxzY0%2BWv9KKQ2d2bVmrXKDWa%2B3Lk9OqbMAqeIuUzMwJtvDV6Xt8nKVu91pfNm1qNpR%2Fy6DysxrLX6y%2BxLdD56t%2B7vGJuPr10MECaYFuMGg203i1T48W3DwL4d0orDfWb%2B1WWqT%2Bl6VyNdJWAsIcPRC%2FL0xaYnPn6OuYD67n%2BPtV0%2FX4%2FYEa%2BC0%2BqSCLJyxRlFz4b6GKheXd%2Fz8%2B6cZTbT%2BDE%2FFGMHrv2XXCoysLnOIcFTgF9QBlLRmIlI7hPIRVtdIr1IT5xPNa0ZlvWKDta5dsyF4XN11ehTkEccsBYAd7zcFiyAKfx4o1RGbTGDl20Db%2BXixXnKYN9qEKVzhN%2BJsnlnv5Jcs1uDSQFO7cEyy%2BIxre30b7q6p1rR73AwptTJwgY6sgH0O9s6DcSovMqU85%2Fosq8oAE%2Fr7U8i1v365QJkTunWJ3pxJfQum0tTWTRM7oRTLo0F6Lz6%2FnZiSHQt8xTOfF0VyUUL%2Bf%2FqPGUZ6ZbQrTrgeW6EuZeL0GDvbjKkZzhhgNbHo0%2F60LKTE%2FGksiAbpQN%2FLPPJ2hmh7TicdvUfebE9nX38WbetXfW%2BwBFj9suw66stFQhYAm1oBFNMJ83PxZH0wLNGLv%2BhFp8XzqdhQYl%2FZimD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20250618T083340Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYVOWZ3FSD%2F20250618%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=82b93346756a6bb0a86c417923bbc1642396ef4a09c582b31cb079f37c2435c9&hash=af0b81c9060f8eef3c4f0197e944f48773c576cf00cac419536d7367a312a134&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S2211419X2400003X&tid=spdf-28f16769-bde4-47ce-8c1f-d077ec1a8dda&sid=14b8a1eb7498d34787591540b87a02ee8336gxrqb&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&rh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=13025d5355595055555051&rr=951971702aa4aa34&cc=id Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available a King’s Global Health Partnerships, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK b Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone c Connaught Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone d Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 20 january 2024 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar Bagus w Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/a9fdf134bceed9ecc1646b39369c4805.pdf 3a2d5985714b549471b3c18e320f0615 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jurnal Internasional Afrika vol. 14 issue 1 2024 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Prognostic accuracy of eight triage scores in suspected COVID-19 in an Emergency Department low-income setting: An observational cohort study Subject The topic of the resource Covid-19 Triage Risk-stratification Lower- middle- income countries (LMICS) & Emergency Department Description An account of the resource Introduction: Previous studies deriving and validating triage scores for patients with suspected COVID-19 in Emergency Department settings have been conducted in high- or middle-income settings. We assessed eight triage scores’ accuracy for death or organ support in patients with suspected COVID-19 in Sudan. Methods: We conducted an observational cohort study using Covid-19 registry data from eight emergency unit isolation centres in Khartoum State, Sudan. We assessed performance of eight triage scores including: PRIEST, LMIC-PRIEST, NEWS2, TEWS, the WHO algorithm, CRB-65, Quick COVID-19 Severity Index and PMEWS in suspected COVID-19. A composite primary outcome included death, ventilation or ICU admission. Results: In total 874 (33.84 %, 95 % CI:32.04 % to 35.69 %) of 2,583 patients died, required intubation/noninvasive ventilation or HDU/ICU admission . All risk-stratification scores assessed had worse estimated discrimination in this setting, compared to studies conducted in higher-income settings: C-statistic range for primary outcome: 0.56–0.64. At previously recommended thresholds NEWS2, PRIEST and LMIC-PRIEST had high estimated sensitivities (≥0.95) for the primary outcome. However, the high baseline risk meant that lowrisk patients identified at these thresholds still had a between 8 % and 17 % risk of death, ventilation or ICU admission. Conclusion: None of the triage scores assessed demonstrated sufficient accuracy to be used clinically. This is likely due to differences in the health care system and population (23 % of patients died) compared to higher-income settings in which the scores were developed. Risk-stratification scores developed in this setting are needed to provide the necessary accuracy to aid triage of patients with suspected COVID-19. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carl Marincowitz a,* , Madina Hasan a , Yasein Omer b , Peter Hodkinson b , David McAlpine b , Steve Goodacre a , Peter A. Bath a,c , Gordon Fuller a , Laura Sbaffi c , Lee Wallis b Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/280685/1-s2.0-S2211419X23X00056/1-s2.0-S2211419X2300068X/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEKD%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIBmxCvwHnnqfyBWpgaN69ISpiEAla2u7ezHb4T8SA610AiEA%2B9Ydh8QwmUOlSupw5%2B6sZBuEuBEdqyRvJRXNGsMy0IkqvAUIif%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDMRL5jlkM2eXePTZuiqQBZYGt9J8EXVD4qFtr6oR7Mi%2FVQd13O6mSqTCDN%2FslytiTW2aZkXsYBPDEVQKBIQru1EP7jbqecpX%2BdzJRyBUCaMmGzUdzmRHVAc%2BErMy2J1BTNHlHM8NwQo%2Bgl2bVHtADvE5tAW37Ncgp1tlpfSHQtvhBjfQ6bJG6JFuy6%2F1gFv0gK8%2B0nlUJRGlp%2Fhk6KVu7nLjTxTF7jwuijw1pCy2jc9TRJkDNlqu%2F4wrio5yP2t%2Bq5eHgsLE9Xh7jH%2BdCjmFXsk3HadPdzulA5pYkcgowJSHBRESz4AJdusHbHOXiAZVwhERjdXV%2BdY7UAbSNBUYwW%2FwdNZSg4ZHVBMtCnZC3wiMA5CWJq9QEEKbdWD%2FmrtQ9tE4eFXlQBkIObJrAV8mpuFZdYKeqG%2BE9oHardVEJobuwNo2uwKd5Q1uVHvskeORJgqwtu%2Fs6NX4cxaGy9fzrQLbsP2N8JFFLnT5h6FV3UKi6B6qVI%2BSy7g%2Bas2WJU2bZPjb0bkf7HnGmgTxb86X460aZ57Ktwkvu5g60n5KAmTmI%2Fpwm8S72w1kkzPyobVYD4v960x6%2F47aj5QNu6oA%2BYSnsJKE%2BGqcrTS01CwJzSGvWh%2Baj9bAtLtQAJR7eiHdtf9lYLnpEv1UueuBztzkVFrPc8efJSvPhg7rp%2BfIUBa6Ld0xK%2BjwxQZ%2Bn8cewS09bXjmf22ImB9uzW%2BuGnvhWsUkIjeQIuC70JP8cMbmA13xBrae9JVaqmRjU%2BzXLb7%2FxUvhP9%2F9toarCnr8cjVQjDdUSWfbu6SvIIvpajd97jVK9Bx1Mdgnqjjmmgn0mRAW74fhmZnaRgm0t7Kn0x5Zaxdy7LuVmmS5MY0SYhsxikHK84UFTwzeubdYhJYJpP5cMPnYycIGOrEBpBRR4hBASlUswsG1oes8OqeMiwWruAZh73U%2BGxFhsi2xVBlTmtGbG%2Fb7XoJ2HpmF0GVOKO%2Far5hMYJ6j%2BzvPoO0hjd4nfUJm3hwqbSaYsyxP%2BeOaSMdkGUn4ug2ZUZkXIIfbV6HM4n%2BRWIXJhpsftUv9lquGyWwTqA2MQtUu0gReEcdaTUIE6T3CTsqIBrkeNfoqec90qo%2FFOE4YTzBHBb%2FDcqGo5PlpjXCKy6ZTZKe7&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20250618T082637Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYQE6VIBRK%2F20250618%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=59df99d8800d8796c345850c316da24a52102aa8080de50168dda12aae744d7f&hash=31479169a36353aa4508099702a61751b19ae9d65f47e87088275cfc8abf3538&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S2211419X2300068X&tid=spdf-dbe74bf2-8138-4c95-8de2-6e8a804456b5&sid=14b8a1eb7498d34787591540b87a02ee8336gxrqb&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&rh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=13025d5355595153530107&rr=9519671adb57ea8a&cc=id Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available a Centre for Urgent and Emergency Care Research (CURE), Population Health, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK b Division of Emergency Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, F51 Old Main Building, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa c Information School, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 211 Portobello St, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 24 desember 2023 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/1b6b8a88b66e3ea7712c96669eae0d3a.pdf 085154849a3844bcb2bb03190fed4fbd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jurnal Internasional Afrika vol. 14 issue 1 2024 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Implementation of a fast triage score for patients arriving to a low resource hospital in Uganda Subject The topic of the resource Triage Emergency department Low resource setting Sub-Saharan Africa Description An account of the resource Background: The Kitovu Fast Triage (KFT) score predicts imminent mortality from mental status, gait and either respiratory rate or oxygen status. As some non-life-threatening conditions require immediate attention, the South African Triage System (SATS) assigns arbitrary rankings of urgency for specific patient presentations. Aim: Establish the feasibility of determining and then comparing the KFT score and explicitly defined SATS urgency rankings. Methods: A computerized proforma used standardized methods of assessing and measuring mental status and gait, and respiratory rate and collected explicitly defined clinical presentations and SATS urgency rankings on 4,842 patients at the time of their arrival to the hospital. Results: 75 % of patients were awake and able to count the months backwards from December to September. Respiratory rates measured by a computer application had no clustering of values or digit preference; however, oximetry failed in 14 % of patients, making the score based on respiratory rate the most practical in our setting. Determining the SATS acuity ranking and both KFT scores usually took <90 s; the commonest complaints were pain, dyspnoea, and fever, which often occurred together; overall 3574 (73.8 %) patients had at least one of these symptoms as did 96.4 % of those with the highest KFT score based on respiratory rate. 12 % of patients with the lowest KFT score based on respiratory rate had one or more very urgent SATS rankings, 52 % of whom had nonsevere chest pain. Only 5.7 % of patients complaining of fever had a temperature >38 ◦C. Conclusion: Whilst the KFT score based on respiratory rate could be rapidly determined in all patients, it identified some patients as low acuity who had very urgent SATS rankings. However, most of these patients had nonsevere chest pain, which may not be a very urgent presentation in our setting as ischaemic heart disease remains uncommon in sub-Saharan Africa. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jjukira Vianney a , Immaculate Nakitende a , Joan Nabiryo a , Henry Kalema b , Sylivia Namuleme c , John Kellett d,* , on behalf of the Kitovu Hospital Study Group Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/280685/1-s2.0-S2211419X23X00056/1-s2.0-S2211419X24000016/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEKD%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIHoZQVSm2k4j7Wxqt0%2FPUYmGy0f22gQ%2BGIXeLiHh6hjhAiEAq5RKxWallV8QUhrpA0Dj2VSOXTmqwO%2FUtlSpfNtCTz4qvAUIif%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDJZI4AtWX%2B5F1QmPwSqQBRMymlEpC%2B6CciBp6xHn9R5276kkC99FPiDIc4TNyJPUSbIXQzeOG7N39s7x53K3d1mTofsmRW9TzyAO4T%2F2lHhZ1pCcJunciUb0oM7CZI1LzmXsJBujbq1sK3zN6kGOGmZ54VDrasao1Pc%2BY3m0Yv6rKJa9w832z6vs96W2xHj%2F%2F3qeVg%2BxdBznA9Glk8n0k8sBPKMBqRtFT%2BpSFUq8FA%2Bo6av2TCJPIxGzRBESvvObYCtTSAoS8WkkSpWdL2gyXYtSZvS7w1MgSitZR%2FRmarbwqPyf9pmx9ngFmIsr3TBsqbOx0O54BU64vz6Ao%2BjrUo1wkMwVtjtejmPFtTDM0My%2B8BlvYCSqHmOGOmIl1hMTDaFzTMajMqygGRf9I9MwIbjk1S2keF64zskmsU%2FXVn6wUJ%2Be5XZ3ZWZ90mlsZtXEmRwuvydE5exmN%2FwMc3DCrLtEbSNHVTIBsRS%2FhsYpbh2P4bC65jTt%2BtuUGdV1lEAorKf1YJ60ifOzCzmXbZTgCMMsbWqVKsrnhT4dYDDB0nqSWev6OUvmKEX4NSLiGOS%2F44%2FjZwSADENwxF3OmN1Y0%2BnVRCKyXncxUvJvbNqlZUnThgIguyAhehjRRaovLLPNl8RStKRA8%2B2YIEHtTKi1PeS%2FIyJPx3624txYpt1NWhkvFIlUKnPravWSc1Jf3UYKGd%2FWrSG3AWvDClCZT2hDPK6dp0LgtMrBsPFlFF%2FGvahKEDXiCgfrLiolzrpzlf29NpAJxm6nJJmoAkEoeeE%2FJkscG1EcxXE6PjdwlHww94LGwv2UOPLfIgCi5iRDQ75c2fJSvidYk9%2B0IJEgTWxV%2BIOKg9nYLpU0CAmcvw3tl2Mo2gtlXugFXHxWOBPlPJn4MMXVycIGOrEBgULu9bYdTI7KzIyiXrZlkAUr%2FU28nT4anrKyMBy%2FIIca0PtCxrpZAEaLaejZ4vdBlJLqMi3BoJv7was0CopE8pvGmizraNjAT2ZHfkGZEy2qd09xWxxe%2FHZeY6Cs%2FEO3BxDKxNHzzgVk9Sc7hZ3OVEaG8MVZKjrTtyfSFj0ika7A2MijGaqVWshNBBoYWYZ99LULhntrT5veXZmbJZX%2FMOYys0vfWZxrGr3UP68QvOhN&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20250618T082104Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY36H5CYDE%2F20250618%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=d6c78ca59740ae4bfc35155ac9e493a0ab7e40f8dbaa8b364da97476a0d6849f&hash=9edeca9cc4d3ddeba945b49d60611ce9a36ab0fe6aab0d6e271f0429191936e0&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S2211419X24000016&tid=spdf-561d61e5-60c6-4f5d-be61-ab61ae3a4fc6&sid=14b8a1eb7498d34787591540b87a02ee8336gxrqb&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&rh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=13025d5355595201040306&rr=95195efce82be77a&cc=id Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2211419X24000016 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5 january 2024 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar Bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/7079d3c9e4e19aca7f858942ae558ebd.pdf 80ff70cb27f5afd04e69eb0d1e7600d2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jurnal Internasional Afrika vol. 14 issue 1 2024 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Emergency department overcrowding and its associated factors at HARME medical emergency center in Eastern Ethiopia Subject The topic of the resource Emergency departments Overcrowding National emergency department overcrowding study score Ethiopia crowding Africa Description An account of the resource Introduction: Emergency department (ED) overcrowding has become a significant concern as it can lead to compromised patient care in emergency settings. Various tools have been used to evaluate overcrowding in ED. However, there is a lack of data regarding this issue in resource-limited countries, including Ethiopia. This study aimed to validate NEDOCS, assess level of ED overcrowding and identify associated factors at HARME Medical Emergency Center, located in Hiwot Fana Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Harar, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the HARME Medical Emergency Center, Hiwot Fana Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, involving a total of 899 patients during 120 sampling intervals. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) was calculated to evaluate the agreement between objective and subjective assessments of ED overcrowding. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to identify factors associated with ED overcrowding and statistically significant association was declared using 95 % confidence level and a p-value < 0.05. Results: The interrater agreement showed a strong correlation with a Cohen’s kappa (κ) of 0.80. The National Emergency Department Overcrowding Study Score demonstrated a strong association with subjective assessments from residents and case team nurses, with an AUC of 0.81 and 0.79, respectively. According to residents’ perceptions, ED were considered overcrowded 65.8 % of the time. Factors significantly associated with ED overcrowding included waiting time for triage (AOR: 2.24; 95 % CI: 1.54–3.27), working time (AOR: 2.23; 95 % CI: 1.52–3.26), length of stay (AOR: 2.40; 95 % CI: 1.27–4.54), saturation level (AOR: 2.35; 95 % CI: 1.31–4.20), chronic illness (AOR: 2.19; 95 % CI: 1.37–3.53), and abnormal pulse rate (AOR: 1.52; 95 % CI: 1.06–2.16). Conclusion: The study revealed that ED were overcrowded approximately two-thirds of the time Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Melaku Getachew a,* , Ibsa Musa b , Natanim Degefu c , Lemlem Beza d , Behailu Hawlte b , Fekede Asefa e,f Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/280685/1-s2.0-S2211419X23X00056/1-s2.0-S2211419X23000666/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEKD%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDx7n8I30uraid%2BvLMNLsfZ46cIivPE5ZMAbQYD5M7bGgIhAOWNeFxjHQRuR6Bz7nHtq0oJVT5arfQ2pUlIGykZlMoiKrwFCIn%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQBRoMMDU5MDAzNTQ2ODY1IgzvvjYR8MVUFZG%2FsR8qkAVLqgUDoFiH3EqEWQMkvqjWLyVoncySKLAqZ3LTHWMi7yBXj%2Fk8ISl3zO52f%2FSaQQZP5K3iHYq%2B%2FqaHeQtxdE%2BmJHVkwoFgd1T1vFr1qJhyoRWbrhnT%2Ff%2BnIhIgZo%2FAW1Gl1ZNKW4no33vpW7vaAcFKKkuZI350%2FFOb5lS7k9ZUilVt8FKVh1VWHtuF060dIKB0l2R3YmEthvRJQCWTyMjTFGsLBfrvCkvrNIMo29AXjtqgsdqBKGAokBn%2B2yuETgUiuNU65iSYJPItQNYfaPgLpSiLgkcPktfuire7aioSAZV5zhP0gvv7v3bpBiITRcmUBFVtLIpyTb9GivojbloxnHA%2FVK5rSu2CAQjpT%2F9iMLpwpIAkm5ZjRdJyXEs7vHTrUzZf7BcIR%2FhX7GL9fMhipTheClyvaJy3hH%2FFWmvTw6%2F6rijULbePzm7rQeMVV8f9StdWdvQBy88rT6%2F%2BcODQh%2BoCt4CpHDWOW1UXCW%2BDl6EXhLzjMoJGvSHv%2BKgW4GoQpSMDQdB4JoGTqLEYf6gouJ6Qpo2ygGSnA00Ybyj%2BcjKHr1QoCggG3OM3kWg4tWvfuR5WESGJknYY5T5NO7oSWMhRwz0qk69930B5pc7mQMcYidnJl963QkOxjnXa6fLzkFm%2BMU4c9vpdcsbL5AafG9Bxb0Hp%2B1zgxL%2FvowtDObt4azF3q3JxFd0E7IhNY4zzag7eJM41ujATCmirREad%2Br6zscBjcLwniKZl2Qr3GTkPORGHjT6FxrIG2dUW1XPNTtTvxZIxPQi5TNFOSfm5MC6pWVQZxaY%2BqypmCQoDWyRYxlA5vFGUWXDeje7D3dXoXwML1URvWIw4CkMD6tiHQ%2FWeioqN%2BJld3Ya7KpYVozCB28nCBjqwAcQfKdA%2BAS5KnPrUHad1LssVqFMSujiJdJCKm4n%2F%2BrfYuOwYDIAIN8sscr1w%2BVxode1ngUeuiRRqIAUWyzL4P9neVptvIgylE%2FggsxwFA6NjUxfgG0jLRlSmQnvp3%2B3p2Mh6fsghy0joUoFg%2BHHDaMZ7iF3dXBHR0ghIZNL%2BWCox%2B13IROXoAdWISGpYxTvsjuoga8vB8b11cCt0c46wP5qlgEK0sUVJq8hNL9LIrZ4l&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20250618T081449Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY4WOZ3FTH%2F20250618%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=fdad50c0ad40a0c57f75d6558af4bae885de5e3479c6b2d11ce0ff7930f73f81&hash=0df913b0a3e9b152bd900389b9fc6607484085525e0e548300ba438205c5b756&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S2211419X23000666&tid=spdf-9cf04315-a516-4a4c-bd2b-40930c8a3563&sid=14b8a1eb7498d34787591540b87a02ee8336gxrqb&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&rh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=13025d535559525106515a&rr=951955d198bcb590&cc=id Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia b Department of Health Service Management, School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia c Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia d Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia e Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia f Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center - Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Biomedical Informatics, Memphis, TN, USA Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 10 desember 2023 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar Bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/10eb6d36224466ead121726f89d8e2cb.pdf b1db34110119381edc78f58b7360de62 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jurnal Internasional Afrika vol. 14 issue 1 2024 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Developing an Emergency Medicine assessment tool for medical interns within the South African context – A Modified Delphi Study Subject The topic of the resource Modified Delphi study Emergency medicine Assessment tool South Africa Medical intern Junior doctors Description An account of the resource Introduction: Emergency Medicine is a relatively new specialty in South Africa. Limited data is available regarding junior doctors’ competence in managing emergencies, however previous surveys have identified limited teaching and supervision of junior doctors in Emergency Medicine. Currently there is no formal standardised assessment tool to assess an intern’s Emergency Medicine competence. The aim of the study was to, through expert opinion and consensus, develop an Emergency Medicine assessment tool to identify a level of appropriate Emergency Medicine knowledge at the end of internship. Methods: The Modified Delphi Methodology was used to create an assessment tool via interaction with a panel of experts and took place over 4 rounds via an online survey platform. The initial round identified the high-priority topics within each intern domain. A questionnaire was created based on these topics and was presented to the panel for consensus during the following round/s. Rounds continued until each question met consensus of 75 %. Results: A total of 35 panellists consented to participate, representing 6 provinces. The majority were Emergency Medicine specialists. High-priority topics included acute respiratory distress, polytrauma, dehydration and shock in children, airway management, and the agitated patient. A 40-question, multiple choice questionnaire was created with all questions reaching consensus. Conclusion: This study highlighted the core high-priority Emergency Medicine topics that interns should be exposed to during their internship and created a questionnaire aimed at evaluating them. The study findings provide a novel contribution to identifying gaps in Emergency Medicine knowledge during intern training, allowing for potential interventions to be implemented to improve intern EM training. The addition of a clinical skills component and increasing the question database is suggested to further develop this tool. Larger iterative studies involving the HPCSA, and health education experts provide avenues for future research. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Laurryn Ah Yui a,* , Luan Taljaard a , Sian Geraty b , Roshen Maharaj c Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/280685/1-s2.0-S2211419X23X00056/1-s2.0-S2211419X23000629/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEKD%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIHoZQVSm2k4j7Wxqt0%2FPUYmGy0f22gQ%2BGIXeLiHh6hjhAiEAq5RKxWallV8QUhrpA0Dj2VSOXTmqwO%2FUtlSpfNtCTz4qvAUIif%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDJZI4AtWX%2B5F1QmPwSqQBRMymlEpC%2B6CciBp6xHn9R5276kkC99FPiDIc4TNyJPUSbIXQzeOG7N39s7x53K3d1mTofsmRW9TzyAO4T%2F2lHhZ1pCcJunciUb0oM7CZI1LzmXsJBujbq1sK3zN6kGOGmZ54VDrasao1Pc%2BY3m0Yv6rKJa9w832z6vs96W2xHj%2F%2F3qeVg%2BxdBznA9Glk8n0k8sBPKMBqRtFT%2BpSFUq8FA%2Bo6av2TCJPIxGzRBESvvObYCtTSAoS8WkkSpWdL2gyXYtSZvS7w1MgSitZR%2FRmarbwqPyf9pmx9ngFmIsr3TBsqbOx0O54BU64vz6Ao%2BjrUo1wkMwVtjtejmPFtTDM0My%2B8BlvYCSqHmOGOmIl1hMTDaFzTMajMqygGRf9I9MwIbjk1S2keF64zskmsU%2FXVn6wUJ%2Be5XZ3ZWZ90mlsZtXEmRwuvydE5exmN%2FwMc3DCrLtEbSNHVTIBsRS%2FhsYpbh2P4bC65jTt%2BtuUGdV1lEAorKf1YJ60ifOzCzmXbZTgCMMsbWqVKsrnhT4dYDDB0nqSWev6OUvmKEX4NSLiGOS%2F44%2FjZwSADENwxF3OmN1Y0%2BnVRCKyXncxUvJvbNqlZUnThgIguyAhehjRRaovLLPNl8RStKRA8%2B2YIEHtTKi1PeS%2FIyJPx3624txYpt1NWhkvFIlUKnPravWSc1Jf3UYKGd%2FWrSG3AWvDClCZT2hDPK6dp0LgtMrBsPFlFF%2FGvahKEDXiCgfrLiolzrpzlf29NpAJxm6nJJmoAkEoeeE%2FJkscG1EcxXE6PjdwlHww94LGwv2UOPLfIgCi5iRDQ75c2fJSvidYk9%2B0IJEgTWxV%2BIOKg9nYLpU0CAmcvw3tl2Mo2gtlXugFXHxWOBPlPJn4MMXVycIGOrEBgULu9bYdTI7KzIyiXrZlkAUr%2FU28nT4anrKyMBy%2FIIca0PtCxrpZAEaLaejZ4vdBlJLqMi3BoJv7was0CopE8pvGmizraNjAT2ZHfkGZEy2qd09xWxxe%2FHZeY6Cs%2FEO3BxDKxNHzzgVk9Sc7hZ3OVEaG8MVZKjrTtyfSFj0ika7A2MijGaqVWshNBBoYWYZ99LULhntrT5veXZmbJZX%2FMOYys0vfWZxrGr3UP68QvOhN&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20250618T081020Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=299&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY36H5CYDE%2F20250618%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=bb10099d61f865a7e509f24d4e2448ebaed7103623e1b06b1c1cb8270b8474f9&hash=fcee2e4e3afef32b43af435fc9ba8669b36e867707a2a9fed33811377822995c&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S2211419X23000629&tid=spdf-03c9d422-b50b-4f1d-8dcd-ebd340a5e6f6&sid=14b8a1eb7498d34787591540b87a02ee8336gxrqb&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&rh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=13025d5355595302565007&rr=95194f40dd91ea7a&cc=id Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Department of Emergency Medicine, Frere Hospital, East London, South Africa b Department of Emergency Medicine, Livingstone Hospital, Gqeberha, South Africa c Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Gambier Hospital, Limestone Coast Local Health Network, South Australia, Australia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 28 november 2023 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/f241516407aa20c22d34333f9c5fe645.pdf 20cff845a98b43793a62379062006b7e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jurnal Internasional Afrika vol. 14 issue 1 2024 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The new injury severity score underestimates true injury severity in a resource-constrained setting Subject The topic of the resource Injury severity score Trauma Global health Abbreviated injury scale South Africa Description An account of the resource Background: The new injury severity score (NISS) is widely used within trauma outcomes research. NISS is a composite anatomic severity score derived from the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) protocol. It has been postulated that NISS underestimates trauma severity in resource-constrained settings, which may contribute to erroneous research conclusions. We formally compare NISS to an expert panel’s assessment of injury severity in South Africa. Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of adult trauma patients seen in a tertiary trauma center. Randomly selected medical records were reviewed by an AIS-certified rater who assigned an AIS severity score for each anatomic injury. A panel of five South African trauma experts independently reviewed the same charts and assigned consensus severity scores using a similar scale for comparability. NISS was calculated as the sum of the squares of the three highest assigned severity scores per patient. The difference in average NISS between rater and expert panel was assessed using a multivariable linear mixed effects regression adjusted for patient demographics, injury mechanism and type. Results: Of 49 patients with 190 anatomic injuries, the majority were male (n = 38), the average age was 36 (range 18–80), with either a penetrating (n = 23) or blunt (n = 26) injury, resulting in 4 deaths. Mean NISS was 16 (SD 15) for the AIS rater compared to 28 (SD 20) for the expert panel. Adjusted for potential confounders, AIS rater NISS was on average 11 points (95 % CI: 7, 15) lower than the expert panel NISS (p < 0.001). Injury type was an effect modifier, with the difference between the AIS rater and expert panel being greater in penetrating versus blunt injury (16 vs. 7; p = 0.04). Crush injury was not well-captured by AIS protocol. Conclusion: NISS may under-estimate the ‘true’ injury severity in a middle-income country trauma hospital, particularly for patients with penetrating injury. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Smitha Bhaumik a , Krithika Suresh b , Hendrick Lategan c , Elmin Steyn c , Nee-Kofi Mould-Mil Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/280685/1-s2.0-S2211419X23X00056/1-s2.0-S2211419X23000654/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJGMEQCICo44gTIYdxbeXaeYARVq%2B5uPNmBBjpAgo3Od3%2BEYs53AiB6rfU4%2Fq%2Bv82u2rDyOMZfhela9BFR0oLTsdt99OoTa5yq8BQiI%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAUaDDA1OTAwMzU0Njg2NSIMtouAuhEtmlPOrGUfKpAFYmvxChHWR%2FNX3EKc2wwuQ%2FaNBXvAa%2FlLMy%2Bbe%2BQsHTJHu3hzS5x81fGPj5fsJ0h1YtLsaH9wXHq%2F9tUETMHiK96jt4o5QJMrXEyqKICMIz5hwJY5t0igAALLBW5u3t45bKvbEsD76ElxjFN7SyJuqnDXZTsnO%2BqARwRXdFx4VtAOBCgsqqgsy0Vr%2BTf42gHLpQfIb5YriFit8hH9v%2FRyMNWJClTwhg4A7OtqPwZnRMedjOIgkkRTPqCf1l6PckvKM6lN%2Fmvl%2FgnekGQFXab7ni9hjimpW2M7vn0MzhWJ6JzbqjM3gP3CZ1kBXzE6MmSJe0vjwoguipOGunsgZR0I62b4%2B1zX3ZhhW33M96ibM8GCgKp%2B6yKRmTFZ4mPLZIDuMzgP%2FpiR%2F5%2FscwZr4dGkSOGuP6xvaCBZpO22f%2FJVlLt43RFCem4daZBEef7OBn4NgJrq2T7k1lzIxlpVYi10objk5U3dayVy8i8bBmweAAxqGmaFzfn%2BlQJNqrvQi%2BfQqbLSqZb3Rl%2BHwJTozrMDMZeiza2DBmR17laoFLX%2FIaElJEhYd8Z2ZUC1H6sbGsXmOKgEORm4VGuRVLbpqTA1A%2Fo4EILtrrIRuAdQvIWeixr8b%2FLUIql8xbhplyvln0VXxFO%2FvRcFBZnba%2BSn47AYj3t7DedvxH2vMklNcuaGzkO%2FWohExBkxjhCP583f%2BZRwrekCqPLHTfNThTNQy3NuTBQVbClYnz4B6OMP3lPb1RpgT8wTHxetbbOtRr%2B8MiDLV7Y5HqosAb6oVGMg3wPptC933tNiKBCBUeOlHKoIVd%2FOCwiFBtJtJLkXeIGqlB7JVRfKAMAqFgHOHqGKSLOTvdb2u4emfT7MlpLAHIeiEhQw6cfJwgY6sgHdB6KNIDRVebI9%2B4I6KoQ9Me9DL45fsnLG2dsDUV7cql3lJWsYkKrZhIGa6LeClodl53fsB1492z2L9QVQQpMqYwCr50jQ9QXWsukwk9ALVMsAVZI9RNmcuRWiBKamVzJ2FuGWQhjRsVqxk5gzLINeUiJxB8%2FSCkmfFPEe5%2FC6ffth8rLcGpHheFSvhb6xlVfgGVXUFGmhrEXRYv39FjnWYQpiORPimolYZP0bAg%2Bkd1u3&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20250618T080445Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYWNLRMZT4%2F20250618%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=98fd2208f5354cb6873150d063f801b58209b5b3f356939dfbb92b7aa3e6b15c&hash=f58fec7ccf468da37fa2c8bd9d0ee07fdb003f0ccf14865f379a689b1023bf1a&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S2211419X23000654&tid=spdf-1d474231-16ec-4f45-b511-35025e233991&sid=14b8a1eb7498d34787591540b87a02ee8336gxrqb&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&rh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=13025d5355595353535652&rr=951947161a17e416&cc=id Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available a Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA b Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA c Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 4 desember 2023 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar Bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/dc929700bd09aa2051b8c776c4af5b87.pdf f751f41e03a4bc048ddd46c5436597ec Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jurnal Internasional Afrika vol. 14 issue 1 2024 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Emergency care drugs’ chemical stability after eight weeks’ deployment in the prehospital setting Subject The topic of the resource Drugs Out-of-hospital Environmental exposure Prehospital drug storage Description An account of the resource Temperature conditions vary in emergency service vehicles, which may pose a risk to the integrity of the drugs on board, possibly rendering them ineffective and increasing morbidity and mortality in patients. Aim: This study assessed the stability of four emergency care drugs (adrenaline, etomidate, ketamine, and rocuronium) after eight weeks of deployment in the prehospital context. Methods: The study adopted a longitudinal quantitative design to evaluate the chemical stability of emergency care drugs. The study was conducted at four emergency medical service bases in Ballito, Durban and Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. The primary outcome was the relative reduction in drug concentration from the labelled concentration after four and eight weeks. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysed samples to determine the concentration of active ingredients in the drug samples. Results: HPLC analysis was done on 176 samples. The ambient temperature ranged from 18.7 to 44 ◦C in the first four weeks, averaging 26.8 ◦C ± 3.0. At 4 and 8 weeks, Adrenaline decreased 24.93 % and 22.73 %, respectively. Etomidate’s control had 3.06 mg/ml, not the 2 mg/ml on the bottle. After 4 and 8 weeks, the samples had 3.10 and 3.15 mg/ml active components, respectively. Ketamine degraded over 30 % after four weeks but not beyond that. The Ketamine package states 10 mg/ml. However, we found 17.46 mg/ml. Rocuronium was 6.45 mg/ml in the control, although the manufacturer specified 10 mg/ml. At four weeks, the concentration was 6.70 mg/ml; at eight weeks, 6.56. Conclusion: This study suggests that adrenaline and ketamine degrade by more than 20 % within four weeks of deployment in the prehospital field, whereas etomidate and rocuronium remain stable after eight weeks Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Simpiwe Sobuwa a,* , Thishana Singh b , Kerusha Kalicharan b Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/280685/1-s2.0-S2211419X23X00056/1-s2.0-S2211419X23000630/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIQD0%2Fglkjo9jO5s77xNslfuyWYWSj%2Bofu42WYpcCvTtsdgIgDPqhJPcez5Rgvc%2BpKw5kE10fT29oQQ9WSgebdN9xebgquwUIiP%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDHJASr1DII2F%2B6OKiyqPBZUIz1ns62Ka9d9fOyGlmaZN3BZcrsVKwir%2Fv9j0MSIjYPHQU7fO2lGcMaZuEpnqy2m31u6eLJ8rRj6mHmk9drafMwXxd%2FJyz%2F5I3cFmQLDA2vhjVfWfjgd8OAkO0kbuViEPfd8ONoFq3I0oS2mrIJNIlzX3zlsLdIK5lrV%2F0iOZQBVyJpRDtpL4X%2FBjlbPOBeBcBYADYZv1UpTgqoBSVxrNkOrlKaJzoYSyHt%2BlWbUS8SUUTjEtAc330403PznoBeq787NUy5vCIkffF8%2FDQIT4TqLYgZ5akVLdloaLcRprLDzH%2FsNtlAZWgiv8RKa%2FV%2Bp6OIWQ2hfMDSpz56NS2ZL9t06IcNzlE6gTlYim1ItIiBEwPif0v4jfxPrWNxiejRHCqfNCkikiRi15rANpplbjydUJ6VHwPonVfu%2FOTkNqypV1DDw6JOjx4pfAhEgaD9cT9GE5n%2F0CTk7tueqXZBoFccnAbbv2Lw7EGiLFho5TD3ijEieNX%2FQvW1z7qtF8PlJ7laGB2mxFP%2BOjJMwHq7inlp24nlOJh3TAXKkRmMlWpsecB2Tn%2BWmLiDoDEH1lTCu6%2BsNI7yo5zjpO9AqLkAVkq9%2FpNJA3z48gYSOjgMx0E8EPs%2FrPBnQdpyVrFJwVCrUeZaNNw6kCPOqWQAwMaW52Az2TziMLGPy0fVkTI1tX8BIJ1RMr6ff6ziv2k7xdv%2BXMIuBR%2FlIJOOT2Je40jm1MjBejTM7zSZ8CXvjatcINNHMi627D7MO2yIFQzC6t58sd4w1s1dOiVCgNu4dbhO%2FcqsvXHU4jTTIY7PYmn0ieN8nyXUr0ScKAAsy9mnuKF3pKUSanmZNArQ%2FOTis5W9LcblGfJ%2BTKIOJqc0b64b0w38nJwgY6sQHwN%2FFF6pJ1B89VwpL9yqQp9GMDaZZG5qMRtN6ZTI%2FvtVS3tpzIZw2z4RGY80Xv8h9PvjVBQAwNA3Mha6BWWrnoJuAbdfDusl4n6gTDj6Skc0MtxftNYv222JlvGoUJ1l4g9ZmjwkWF%2BOt80K9x%2B5UVIWJ2gHUYmY%2FrhAs8EcE1OFLHc28f83nlNntOLZBiTxim4cdPj%2Ff4gt0cGvMA25ZKDl%2FM7nDp4o1rPPMpKVdWkp0%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20250618T080125Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYTSUGM2Y2%2F20250618%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=30232d323b5777688f7d2d9dd35702cdbf28b2cf630fbcdcc6250df00f4c509f&hash=1785781ff87cc8854b6a119b6c493c8f37553e280e4b0b2d6d76c96db7407e57&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S2211419X23000630&tid=spdf-34191aec-c995-4dba-baab-2143426606dc&sid=14b8a1eb7498d34787591540b87a02ee8336gxrqb&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&rh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=13025d5355595356515106&rr=95194231e8e14f50&cc=id Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available a Faculty of Health & Wellness Sciences, Department of Emergency Medical Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa b School of Chemistry and Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 28 november 2023 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar Bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/45c7f36dfac31a0cc5b417902c05df3d.pdf 78b0fc4a3fffdcd434f83fdc355f6204 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jurnal Internasional Afrika vol. 14 issue 1 2024 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Determining the research priorities for emergency care within the Western Cape province of South Africa: A consensus study Subject The topic of the resource Research priorities Consensus Description An account of the resource Introduction: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are disproportionally affected by conditions requiring emergency care but there are limited contextually appropriate studies performed within these settings involving the patient population and healthcare systems they aim to benefit. Over the past five years, researchers in the Western Cape of South Africa have produced approximately 20 % of all emergency care publications from Africa, yet no agreed list of research priorities exists. Establishing research priorities, via recognised consensus methods, can ensure that efforts and resources in LMICs are more appropriately targeted to the need. Method: Using a modified Delphi study, we invited a range of public and private representatives from different professional emergency care cadres within the Western Cape to identify current evidence gaps and consensus research priorities across the four areas of the WHO Emergency Care Systems framework: scene care, prehospital care, facility-based care, and the emergency care system itself. We then purposively selected eleven experts holding key academic and management positions to form a panel and perform a nominal group technique process to discuss these identified research priorities and establish a final list of priority research questions. Result: Forty of the sixty-six (61 %) emergency care professionals invited contributed to the Delphi phase of the study, with representation from all professional cadres. After deduplication, 154 research topics were identified in the first round. In the second round, 94 (61 %) topics were considered research priorities by at least 80 % of participants. Following the nominal group technique discussion, 26 questions were established as consensus research priorities having been ranked as a top ten priority by over 50 % of panellists. Conclusion: We were able to successfully collate expert opinion and identify existing emergency care knowledge gaps within the Western Cape province of South Africa. Key topics identified for future work included questions on current health-seeking behaviour, dispatch, interfacility transfer, and staff burnout. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Robert Holliman * , Lee Wallis, Colleen Saunders Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/280685/1-s2.0-S2211419X23X00056/1-s2.0-S2211419X23000642/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIQCh4Pr3jf6rLMMMXeatcPezbhmHGyHATMSVDct%2B%2FqZDtgIgP4Y6tmtI1Mz5K6yyroIwODR%2FL%2BUWzjcxSsKZ7ytdRfQqvAUIiP%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDB%2FsJAiadv5rSlqNyCqQBSfO85fK0B4epBitb2DqZO28Ds6eYmnWfK344WsbxHbOFNxsratzvjDic2TSHPDSHAToqAxyyKsXamLyAgBgbZXMP2aeGai%2BfENtze9H6%2Bby%2Fb%2B%2BOXa0bbKUhYJtVd1bNwQANoipvPA44rmwB%2B9KNBeM%2B0gesW%2B38AepvX8x6w9qEanDhKDUeauTdjFT91M1fPiTETZD3xsHEE3lEB1DA92kVlsrGtCDKFkpN79LkNAf2geqaOZMKYTAY6EgVn5%2BVRL9QDx9J%2FQWb1viIQdzFx%2FFV5AxHR9qVV0kP%2FHTxsRyXV2t7rSpNrFxtQlhkVrAhfX8a2Yy7G2i2o7A8X6WL06NZ8HCkEand5AHQZagNab2apC0Fdmj%2FyOzstKQcbRRUCLzcjl4%2B7m312XsNnm1LWCLiZimtfVY8x22OCtJF8RvFeJ8XkLpLazxEH8jDQzbMh40nPVwyjlctuaTnZ7h2uzRKKUtvWYcsX1bO5xDm76CZVmGXSZ%2BudfeB4fWIbHKtQVF3unzeTyJnsTjMWDClOVh%2FfDZBoBPfBQUigreZpfSAxbnHe45N%2F2qHnxMTgn%2BVuEnWUgKn20i7ckGEhaKdXzr5exfxezBDdDSmQAmD%2FMdRT1CPj7tRUYGglF7S15ildpECouymGxY9IMQcIpKFxzhPUF66feyw2q8oaZugHPf0urFc4nnBJszpPDTH3zmxJaB%2FPs0icRBvdlVJVp%2FWPf9pC4yQYWFokFJl9j7ZbCEQBgqluN6hkYnCmvjdmmPdkSAiWB0Sr5kf3RjiCpR6%2FznFZzo%2FMAkRdLyId3lHt6fI1dy%2BiD76Mf2QT7mHlhxUtjgVdNngYwyyrKhy2NWynkVdAaI%2BpNJ9tU4wl3WmaiKMJG7ycIGOrEBSRYHpquNxvbQZBBdoVgLzTAPmbqpQHB%2F1qxSys425QCFL66U1W6JYglZ%2BxNz%2BJsoSJ6BL%2B9Q1p5U8jOu3v8ldlgUA0%2Bpcan0hgoF07m0uxndsJwvJgYBdBrQqsYXh9tZA%2BZZxCdx%2FdppfCaVaeneqI0B8DSB%2BARfn3L0%2FMpU1JRwRNtr4wr%2Fi9q8yFd1SJVuAd2nt7BJLm%2BvnrIYY08Al3dFPWjOeXmg3qiyOtxeOpad&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20250618T075803Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYWQD543U7%2F20250618%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=da670a458814f0959a7c038144d01ce3c6f3e3fafca85e66107646a83d07ffe7&hash=dbebf411496842d296fe223271cd9cbdc9e141328049a3975ba371c39be275c1&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S2211419X23000642&tid=spdf-51695329-4dbd-4a03-9362-3225705c538c&sid=14b8a1eb7498d34787591540b87a02ee8336gxrqb&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&rh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=13025d5355595400565202&rr=95193d42adfaea7b&cc=id Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa, F51 Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 28 november 2023 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar Bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/099d96192ad2fbe739a7bdb49fbb91de.pdf 6fcf48f820d4ed30e939d44678d4f50d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jurnal Internasional Afrika vol. 14 issue 1 2024 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Utilisation of WhatsApp for Emergency Medical Services in Garissa, Kenya Subject The topic of the resource WhatsApp mHealth EMS Kenya Description An account of the resource Garissa county, Kenya is a geographically large county with a mobile pastoralist population that has developed a method for emergency medical services (EMS) coordination using the WhatsApp communication platform. This work was based on a site visit, to better understand and describe the current operations, strengths, and weaknesses of the EMS communication system in Garissa. The use of WhatsApp in Garissa county seems to work well in the local context and has the potential to serve as a cost-effective solution for other EMS systems in Kenya, Africa, and other LMICs. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource J. Austin Lee a,* , Benjamin W. Wachira b , John Kennedy c , Nicholas Asselin d , Nee-Kofi Mould-Millman e Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/280685/1-s2.0-S2211419X23X00056/1-s2.0-S2211419X24000028/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEKD%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIBbw9TW7F3IyX4fc9IvbWTHfWg5COa6%2BU%2FSW64fogIcmAiEAqHpeftc7eCqV5Z%2BQ7P2We9g025oRkdL1EY5UcSEmPlIquwUIiP%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDGRvb%2FrF35pDrl01mSqPBc8dDFNE0OYwIl3hnyq9pV4gPYsj8U53U8F6dr3XYSukTyrUWttUOnMc1345JWDBTqljBIEiEcHDain5GA%2FD3tDni1F9SWNqZymQlu016tFElQpxkxMyfQhyonAdddozmj%2BVzzkwznsBhpCew%2BFIbW%2Bfgt1oTH2UM09A6AN6xfiVXmPfLd9Hs0FY%2FGb8zpvmBIdlwH0%2FlFrh6GM6IcncAaK7Ce%2FeyFBQaJwNtL0AO3sXaVbNBs5Pr1NNXPPMFa4zZSH1OBBYWJF1sHgkZkL0aJPWwC0ZVVMd3KxYIbjff3NkLP7geynfiLc1kRObC9NWC0eP0m7jVyJOnaSMZwIzaFW3x2HZfsmwdY30ldbynxgi2CeP%2BlIGhO8BWFgJoIHFjCkLNKs%2FZEiP%2B%2F4zIRHOotbDoKcQo1HnlPgu4ZSTJjD5ZbRUNpOrCtAEGsLBimaEA7iTz6AP8Q2D7BM7o6wV4ChEIkeBgBbbd4qQR3YH4%2BZLrP1EQXNuFbfKQAMhEK1u%2Fdk1tBe71H5C4ar2mvEHuA1bdZDv6ju4IEAfZlJAIoXvnf9862Bdi37fjdLXfK%2BUI6ODHMDD2Fj%2Fkkfne0g%2B2eigSxkveIHkXQehFXMSiviG2m9tNgcm7zV7X1GfUG5bVRUQOL%2FmNGbWGd5LCPDxzF%2BILzWlCGRzJotexPAcb3fYRJNgvYCBNe5ZigxEB52M2jk2eAxatjOQBplWmxTjFNccS2ediUtD6ufUptUnmk0ddv0ofUJgdCQy4fmw%2FbvtSkkgj2npALhA40aBWZTOQZ8AxubGTXOn8%2BlD5QryhP7Vgw0%2Fnkxe9WxrxIW9X0jsSMA0RCm6m6rtrc3Kl4ZFOGKdWlfwLXpVewrZOar7i%2B0wvNHJwgY6sQF5mmx2KuCYHAHwU6Dpu2etYs5T0jcBGHuy2Npr9R0KdUTlOfZgmD2DUGrNCBl86GjfWlPgAk06nRb0kJLZqG%2FBhodZyydvE084VEox4ps7x8jzzL7NzhD7LoH%2BJyRT2uXbeOrjr675jaU%2FPtJKGFTZztVLP%2Fi3ViAyAuB2y%2FyNt8wMG%2BnAtQ3KMQ3BsGo1JL8UFZphCCwsG%2BT89%2BPhH1UzhGFZwC97%2B7mmP027rjIurgc%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20250618T074345Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY5UJOL7FK%2F20250618%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=9e9914fa0057a635e5c2db6e3612431576b2250f2735e60bb17f0e484cce71cf&hash=2e052346355893d757bb9d439f8c7f652fc8dd7724448323ec835f47c57c186f&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S2211419X24000028&tid=spdf-a1317ffc-1041-4a99-9571-1d87b4be2da9&sid=14b8a1eb7498d34787591540b87a02ee8336gxrqb&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&rh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=13025d535559555c575300&rr=95192853c9594ab4&cc=id Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available a Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana, United States b The Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya c Emergency Medicine Kenya Foundation, Kenya d Alpert Medical School of Brown University, United States e University of Colorado, United States Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 8 january 2024 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar Bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/2e5fc6cba6ada2d5cbb5abf0661c7f89.pdf 99039f7ed177b07f2503353f5fb8f56b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jurnal Internasional Afrika vol. 14 issue 1 2024 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The initiative for medical equity and global health (IMEGH) resuscitation training program: A model for resuscitation training courses in Africa Subject The topic of the resource Resuscitation training Low-resource setting Rwanda Description An account of the resource In high-income countries, outcomes following in hospital cardiac arrest have improved over the last two decades due to the introduction of rapid response teams, cardiac arrest teams, and advanced resuscitation training. However, in low-income countries, such as Rwanda, outcomes are still poor. This is due to multiple factors including lack of adequate resuscitation training, few trainers, and lack of equipment. To address this issue, the Initiative for Medical Equity and Global Health Equity (IMEGH), a training organization founded in 2018 by 5 local anesthesiologists has regularly taught resuscitation courses such as Basic Life Support, Advanced Cardiac Life Support, and Pediatric Advanced Life Support in hospitals throughout Rwanda. The aims of the organization include developing a sustainable model to offer context relevant resuscitation training courses, building a cadre of local instructors to teach on the courses, as well as engaging funding partners to help support the effort. From October 2018 until September 2022, 31 courses were run in 11 hospitals across Rwanda training 1,060 healthcare providers (mainly of non-physician anesthetists, nurses, midwives, and general practitioners). Ongoing challenges include lack of local protocols, inability to tracking resuscitation outcomes, and continued inaccessibility by many healthcare providers. Despite these challenges, the IMEGH program is an example of a successful context-relevant model and has potential to inform the design of resuscitation programs in other similar settings. This article describes the development of the IMEGH program, accomplishments as well as lessons learned, challenges, and next steps for expansion. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Eugene Tuyishime a,b,* , Alain Irakoze a,c , Celestin Seneza d , Bernice Fan e , Jean Paul Mvukiyehe a,c , Jackson Kwizera a,c , Noah Rosenberg f , Faye M Evans g Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/280685/1-s2.0-S2211419X23X00056/1-s2.0-S2211419X23000678/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIQCbSTon98u2T%2FLZamzuF1XILoWC7KiVr7tI5cp37fXz3AIgX4KZCZ9tjM1jSToBvreqV2LkfD5323%2BL9bJueVwnA8AquwUIh%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDEjTqMizzWxO%2Fh2VYSqPBXSz7UoQwjezoM77S6bN04z%2F3YOYMggUuDqBc9b1ydDb1j2lKY%2Bty%2Fvm7XRe1IZWTNXIskwADTb99Zo35G3v9HX0vsL6wc%2BoEJq%2F3jjmTejsavYwywOm5iE6TD%2BO28pdWnsiThlCperCow%2Fa7Hnk6HUiMGNN6q4AQCX6%2BlG3SJpqcPVe17I1GlvJYkrnhszxeezqsiGd1I2wSaqkAqLAOy6vy5gx1FtnwVUIBgD4GL1tvw28wsJNIAcvgwgBddBL%2BUmHK%2FGByyutFWQSscq%2FN4EA4cAjwaGEz7FcgOyls%2B5UNV%2FWs6mprFlX%2BEvktGhjgVpFz4hhHbFSb24cYEqnpnry0%2Bx8BS5tMkuO0V5HgB%2BMrpCGZD3vGtimbPSj%2Bptup%2FTpdySIA2uuAXSpBM%2FNBO58Z8TnB%2BokXAeBt233XSE45mnDTYkRgJ8KB26EB9K8qdM3GB%2F5XISQpPBjx%2FUIK50eRmXns%2F5sv9Umt2yNXbBlh8L5bVBX65kJ3YJR9yxbkOabUOTBRqlcjUdTNvZsmQbT2bJ7cXNFWc%2FwHGlz6IYge%2Fz4UfmcIiw%2BV9AqKOVECr6SqXP1iQ82qGqp2fmcRuf%2BPR99n3FntKBKsfQyLgU%2Fa5ey02aezoXLEinsftwMqL%2B0SuCDSl%2Fqeb7GrR%2BCRoDHXO7PjvcTDuqfTuDeCOFV4WA4hHa2izcKwyffHwnKFmkargq2Nu5wr%2BE1AjijVB2aCaYTLchEcYIq51WV1wxpyda2SDxq69rF1Jbm5BQlJuJtCL%2Bbh4gNFfn6kTmNhaidx6Raie%2FHyTNxverI84TZZe6iGs14QWtImj5RgkEcCtzu8Z%2Ba6ho4Ao5b7ecrNU%2BbhAV3bEH4gpRAinZD0Vcw6bXJwgY6sQHZOT%2FkDiSCPM193AC0HUp7KxFv8su5jCxDMsAdefMpiW8vKRNPiztiBeOTiIUaG7KSN99Ou%2BZGwex5VTUf7BzkGDIUUFpAXKmAdNAnmbFOqTXSrZXaU%2BmwMwxfKgIMaaB%2B0UAv2BsOoJoJ8ZE7zneCIPPFq4g%2FpPnAarMeG%2BPF9ojb%2BR3cs3Rb8iM8jXNsdlPImRtmcDAUXFCJ9io%2BePpdKw0BFQR1MB7cFOXRw7%2FEtg0%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20250618T072216Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYUTTIPWM2%2F20250618%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=968e5c92bfb48968484e2e4261a64adf0f23fce1df476e866990f8584eb4bf27&hash=9f9836f5f42f3f083b3f4eb304bf134d920fdf96f0bcaa8ffa0e0f703e9c984e&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S2211419X23000678&tid=spdf-e4ea2f95-56e7-452d-beda-a01f6ce99410&sid=14b8a1eb7498d34787591540b87a02ee8336gxrqb&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&rh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=13025d535559575c060100&rr=951908dac878dfa8&cc=id Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available a Department Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Emergency Medicine, University of Rwanda, Rwanda b Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Western University, Canada c Department Anesthesia and Critical Care, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda d Department Anesthesia and Critical Care, Kibagabaga District Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda e School of Nursing, University of Virginia, USA f Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana g Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 13 december 2023 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fajar bagus W Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text