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                  <text>VOL. 22, NO.1 2024</text>
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                <text>Internet of things system for lime planting in Maha Sarakham community</text>
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                <text>Internet of things&#13;
Lime planting&#13;
Maha Sarakham&#13;
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Thailand</text>
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                <text>The objectives of this research were: i) to study components of the internet of things (IoT) system to support community lime planting (CLP); in Maha Sarakham Province; ii) to develop IoT-CLP; and iii) to transfer IoT-CLP to the target community in Maha Sarakham Province. The research tools were: i) IoT-CLP system suitability assessment form; ii) IoT-CLP efficacy evaluation form; iii) a questionnaire to assess the effectiveness of the community lime planting; and iv) a survey of community satisfaction towards IoT-CLP. The research results showed that i) components of IoT-CLP consist of: (1.1) data receivers: soil moisture, temperature, soil pH, fertilizer/nutrient; (1.2) control units: water supply, water spraying, soil pH control, and processing, fertilizer/nutrients; (1.3) operating systems: water supply, water spraying, soil pH communication and distribution system of fertilizer/soil nutrients water; (1.4) mobile application; ii) the effectiveness of IoT-CLP was evaluated at the highest level; and iii) the results of lime cultivation using IoT-CLP showed a higher yield than the traditional practices in terms of the amount of lime, size, and weight. The community was satisfied with IoT-CLP at the highest level.</text>
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                <text>Journal homepage: http://telkomnika.uad.ac.id</text>
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                  <text>VOL. 22, NO.1 2024</text>
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                <text>Classification of Solo Batik patterns using deep learning convolutional neural networks algorithm</text>
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                <text>Accuracy&#13;
Batik Solo motif&#13;
Convolutional neural networks&#13;
Dropout&#13;
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                <text>The ideology of the Solo Batik pattern has not been conveyed to the public. In addition, a lot of people are unaware that batik contains particular patterns that are also used for particular activities. This study uses a convolutional neural network model to categorize 9 different Solo Batik patterns according to their use of elaborate geometric shapes, complicated symbols, patterns, dots, and natural designs. With 1 to 4 hidden layers, we aim to select the number of hidden layers that yields the highest accuracy. A 100×100 pixel image is used as the input. The feature extraction process then makes use of 3×3 feature maps from three convolution layers. The dropout regularization is then added, with settings ranging from 0.1 to 0.9. The Adam algorithm is also used in this model to perform optimization. The 3-layered convolutional neural networks (CNN) with a dropout value of 0.2, run in 20 epochs, produced accuracy results of 97.77%, which was the highest. Additionally, it can be inferred that applying a certain number of hidden layers and adding right dropout regularization values has an impact on raising the accuracy score.</text>
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                <text>Dimas Aryo Anggoro1, Assyati Amadjida Tamimi Marzuki1, Wiwit Supriyanti2</text>
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                <text>Journal homepage: http://telkomnika.uad.ac.id</text>
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        <name>Accuracy Batik Solo motif Convolutional neural networks Dropout Image processing</name>
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                  <text>VOL. 22, NO.1 2024</text>
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                <text>Towards a simple and efficient vehicular delay tolerant&#13;
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                <text>Data collection&#13;
Intelligent transportation systems&#13;
Routing protocol&#13;
Smart city&#13;
Vehicle-to-everything&#13;
Vehicular delay tolerant networks</text>
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                <text>Smart cities today can utilize vehicular delay tolerant networks (VDTN) to collect&#13;
data from connected-objects in the environment for various delay-tolerant&#13;
applications. They can take advantage of the available intelligent transportation&#13;
systems (ITS) infrastructures to deliver data to the central server. The system&#13;
can also exploit multiple and diverse mobility patterns found in cities, such as&#13;
privately owned cars, taxis, public buses, and trams, along with their vehicle-toeverything&#13;
(V2X) communications capabilities. In the envisioned convergence&#13;
between the ITS and V2X, we believe that a simple and efficient routing protocol&#13;
can be deployed for the delay-tolerant data delivery, contrary to the implementation&#13;
of optimized solutions that might be resource-demanding and difficult to&#13;
standardize. In this paper, we analyzed the performances of four baseline VDTN&#13;
routing protocols, namely: direct delivery, first contact, epidemic, and spray and&#13;
wait, to understand their strengths and weaknesses. Our simulation results highlighted&#13;
the trade-off between distinct approaches used by those protocols and&#13;
pointed out some gaps that can be refined. This study provides new interesting&#13;
ideas and arguments towards developing a simple, efficient, and high-performing&#13;
routing protocol for data collection in smart cities.</text>
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                <text>Ngurah Indra Er1, Kamal Deep Singh2,3, Christophe Couturier4,5, Jean-Marie Bonnin4,5</text>
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                <text>Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA</text>
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        <name>Data collection Intelligent transportation systems Routing protocol Smart city Vehicle-to-everything Vehicular delay tolerant networks</name>
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                  <text>VOL. 22, NO.1 2024</text>
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                <text>Neural network with k-fold cross validation for oil palm fruit ripeness prediction</text>
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                <text>Artificial neural network&#13;
Hyperspectral images&#13;
K-fold cross validation&#13;
Oil palm fresh fruit bunch&#13;
Ripeness prediction</text>
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                <text>The combination of hyperspectral imaging and artificial neural network (ANN) can predict fruit ripeness. This work investigated the application of hyperspectral imaging and ANN models with the k-fold cross-validation method for ripeness prediction of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) for in-line sorting and grading machine vision. Crude palm oil (CPO) is an exporting commodity for countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia. Oil palm FFB ripeness determines the quality of CPO. The unique shapes and colors of FFBs need innovative methods to substitute tedious and cumbersome manual sorting and grading. The oil palm FFB samples used in this study were categorized previously based on color and loosed fruits. We applied the Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoothing filter and 7-fold cross-validation for hyperspectral datasets before being used for the ANN models and a confusion matrix to find the ANN model accuracies. We obtained 72 data points after SG filter and data selection from 523 data points. The prediction results showed an average accuracy of 79.48%, in which three folds with k of 2, 5, and 7 gave the highest accuracy of 90%. The results confirmed the potential use of hyperspectral imaging, with k-fold cross-validation and ANN models for ripeness prediction of oil palm FFBs.</text>
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                <text>Minarni Shiddiq1, Feri Candra2, Barri Anand2, Mohammad Fisal Rabin1</text>
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                <text>Journal homepage: http://telkomnika.uad.ac.id</text>
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        <name>Artificial neural network Hyperspectral images K-fold cross validation Oil palm fresh fruit bunch Ripeness prediction</name>
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Electric power grid&#13;
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Global system for mobile modems&#13;
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                <text>The electrical power distribution parts include the distribution transformer responsible for reducing high voltage (HV) 11 Kv to low voltage (LV) 416/240 volts, and the power distribution lines (PDLs), which are the source of electrical power supply for residential neighborhoods. Any malfunction of these parts, result in a power outage. Currently, any faults are reported, detected, and alert in a primitive way, and this mechanism certainly takes a lot of time and effort. In this paper, an automatic approach for detection, report and alert has been suggested. This approach process is carried out by continuously checking the status of the three output feeders (power distribution lines), which is the low voltage side of the distribution transformer, when a malfunction occurs in any one or more of these feeders, it will generate an alert signal in the form of a text message using short message service (SMS). The maintenance center is notified by receiving this SMS via SIM900 modem through the global system for mobile (GSM) communications network. The SMS text message includes feeder number, fault type and location address (street number and distribution transformer number). In this design, time and effort are shortened and the maintenance center enables fully automatic monitoring of electric power distribution parts within the sector of responsibility.</text>
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                <text>Jabbar Shatti Jahlool1, Mohammed Abdulla Abdulsada2, Majid S. Naghmash1</text>
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                <text>Journal homepage: http://telkomnika.uad.ac.id</text>
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                <text>peri irawan</text>
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        <name>Cable grid Distribution transformer Electric power grid Fault detection Global system for mobile modems Global system for mobile network</name>
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                  <text>VOL. 22, NO.1 2024</text>
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                <text>Smart stick for blind people with wireless emergency notification</text>
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                <text>Arduino Nano&#13;
Gyroscope sensor&#13;
Smart stick&#13;
Ultrasonic sensors&#13;
Wireless</text>
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                <text>This effort develops and uses a smart stick to help blind individuals walk more safely and avoid hazards. This research paper involved to develop smart stick for blind people to help them to walk safely by avoiding obstructions, and at emergency conditions sent their location to person in charge like a doctor or relatives to help them accordingly. Three ultrasonic sensors are used in the proposed device’s architecture to detect obstructions at three different heights, low, mid, and high obstructions using speaker to alert the blind person. An emergency message with the location of the blind person’s phone is sent through a mobile app to the doctor or person in charge whenever the designed smart stick’s emergency button is touched, or the stick is dropped down. The Arduino Uno platform, Bluetooth model, MPU-6050 3-axis gyroscope as a position sensor, and microSd card module has been used to effectively implement the stick. At the testing stage, the device gave good results. The user received notifications in the form of voice messages and vibrations from the smart stick when it detects things or obstacles in front of them. Additionally, even though they cannot directly activate it, the automated emergency condition has been detection and activated.</text>
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                <text>Yasir Hashim1, Alaa Ghazi Abdulbaqi2</text>
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                <text>Journal homepage: http://telkomnika.uad.ac.id</text>
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                <text>Oct 13, 2023</text>
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                <text>peri irawan</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="105184">
                <text>english</text>
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                  <text>VOL. 22, NO.1 2024</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Novel fractal geometry of 4×4 multi-input and multi-output array antenna for 6G wireless systems</text>
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                <text>6G mimo antennas&#13;
Diversity gain&#13;
Isolation transmission&#13;
Microstrip patch antenna&#13;
mmWaves MIMO antennas&#13;
Printed circuit board&#13;
Radiation efficiency</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Recently, multiport multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) antenna technology has been the main focus of both manufacturers and researchers. So, their biggest challenge was to propose a small antenna that operates in broadband. We will be the primary contributors to the manufacturing process for this sort of antenna in this work, so we suggested a 4×4 MIMO antenna in a very compact size. As a result, the antenna dimensions are (W=16 mm, L=16 mm, H=1.6 mm) and it operates in millimeter bands ranging from 38 to 80 GHz, with a wide bandwidth of 42 GHz. This antenna was created using modern design principles, such as the Rubik’s cube form. According to the results, we noticed that the performance of the parameters is good, as the reflection coefficient is &lt;10 dB for all frequencies. In addition, the isolation transmission performance between ports is &lt;-26 dB, the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is &lt;0.0000234 between all ports, and the diversity gain (DG) ranges between ports from 9.99 to 10 dB. Moreover, the percentage of the total antenna efficiency and radiation ranges from 70 to 98%, while the projected antenna gain range from 6.9 to 9.5 dB. With all these positive results, the suggested antenna has become one of the critical components in most contemporary wireless systems.</text>
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                <text>Karrar Shakir Muttair1,2, Oras Ahmed Shareef1, Hazeem Baqir Taher3</text>
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                <text>Journal homepage: http://telkomnika.uad.ac.id</text>
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                <text>Jun 24, 2023</text>
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                <text>peri irawan</text>
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        <name>6G mimo antennas Diversity gain Isolation transmission Microstrip patch antenna mmWaves MIMO antennas Printed circuit board Radiation efficiency</name>
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                  <text>VOL. 22, NO.1 2024</text>
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                <text>A new printed multiband fractal triangular antenna for wireless application</text>
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                <text>Fractal&#13;
High-frequency structure simulator&#13;
Multiband antenna&#13;
Slit antenna&#13;
Triangle shaped resonator&#13;
Wireless application</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This letter investigates the properties of a novel multi-band fractal antenna with a triangular geometry that can expand its bandwidth, provide multiband functionality, and enable the best smart antenna technology. The antenna employs an FR4 as support with dimensions of 75×75 mm2 and a thickness of 1.6 mm. A microstrip line with an impedance of 50 ohms feeds the patch. The high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) is applied to develop and simulate the patch. The vector network analyzer AVR ROHDE and SCHWARZ ZVB20 carried out the experimental tests of the prototype antenna. The suggested antenna’s simulation results show that it runs on five main frequency bands: 1.840 GHz, 2.770 GHz, 2.940 GHz, 4.330 GHz, and 5.790 GHz, with a high gain that can exceed 6.01dB and an efficiency of 82%. In the operational bands, the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is between one and two. The results from the simulation and the experiment are extremely similar.</text>
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                <text>Mohamed Marzouk1, Youssef Rhazi1, Ibrahim Hassan Nejdi2, Mohamed Saih1</text>
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                <text>Journal homepage: http://telkomnika.uad.ac.id</text>
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                <text>peri irawan</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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        <name>Fractal High-frequency structure simulator Multiband antenna Slit antenna Triangle shaped resonator Wireless application</name>
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                  <text>VOL. 22, NO.1 2024</text>
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                <text>Real-time vehicle counting using custom YOLOv8n and DeepSORT for resource-limited edge devices</text>
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                <text>Edge computing&#13;
Vehicle counting&#13;
Vehicle detection&#13;
Vehicle tracking&#13;
You only look once version 8 nano</text>
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                <text>Recently, there has been a significant increase in the use of deep learning and low-computing edge devices for analysis of video-based systems, particularly in the field of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). One promising application of computer vision techniques in ITS is in the development of low-computing and accurate vehicle counting systems that can be used to eliminate dependence on external cloud computing resources. This paper proposes a compact, reliable and real-time vehicle counting solution which can be deployed on low-computational requirement edge computing devices. The system makes use of a custom-built vehicle detection algorithm based on the you only look once version 8 nano (YOLOv8n), combined with a deep association metric (DeepSORT) object tracking algorithm and an efficient vehicle counting method for accurate counting of vehicles in highway scenes. The system is trained to detect, track and count four distinct vehicle classeses, namely: car, motorcycle, bus, and truck. The proposed system was able to achieve an average vehicle detection mean average precision (mAP) score of 97.5%, a vehicle counting accuracy score of 96.8% and an average speed of 19.4 frames per second (FPS), all while being deployed on a compact Nvidia Jetson Nano edge-computing device. The proposed system outperforms other previously proposed tools in terms of both accuracy and speed.</text>
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                <text>Abuelgasim Saadeldin, Muhammad Mahbubur Rashid, Amir Akramin Shafie, Tahsin Fuad Hasan</text>
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                <text>Journal homepage: http://telkomnika.uad.ac.id</text>
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                  <text>VOL. 22, NO.1 2024</text>
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                <text>Analysis of PLS enhancement using permutation index based OFDM-DCSK system over multipath Rayleigh fading channel</text>
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                <text>Multipath Rayleigh fading channel&#13;
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-differential chaos shift keying&#13;
Permutation index&#13;
Physical layer security&#13;
Secrecy analysis</text>
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                <text>This paper presented the performance of physical layer security of permutation index (PI) with modulating bits-based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing differential chaos shift keying system (PIM-OFDM-DCSK), the objective behind PIM-OFDM-DCSK is to improve and increase the information rate, spectral, and energy efficiencies. In PIM-OFDM-DCSK, the (M) subcarriers, each carry (n+1) bits. The n bits are index bits utilized to choose one permutation of the chaotic reference. On the receiver, after OFDM demodulation, the correlation is made between the permuted versions of the chaotic reference and the received bearing sequence of data. Then the received bits are assessed by determining the maximum correlator outputs via which the n bits are detected. Then the maximum output correlator sign is utilized to detect the modulating bit. The performance of the PIM-OFDM-DCSK is tested under additive white gaussian noise and multipath fading channel. Furthermore, the bit error rate is derived based on the wiretap system for the proposed PIM-OFDM-DCSK and compared with other DCSK modulations. The results show that the proposed PIM-OFDM-DCSK scheme is promising and competitive compared with other DCSK system, and the best BER performance is as an increase in the value of n and a decrease in the value of β.</text>
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                <text>Dhuha Hussein Hameed, Fadhil S. Hasan</text>
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                <text>Journal homepage: http://telkomnika.uad.ac.id</text>
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                <text>peri irawan</text>
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        <name>Multipath Rayleigh fading channel Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-differential chaos shift keying Permutation index Physical layer security Secrecy analysis</name>
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