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                  <text>VOL. 23, NO.4 2025</text>
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                <text>A new resonant-based sensor for non-invasive measurement of blood glucose levels</text>
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                <text>Blood glucose level&#13;
Dual-mode&#13;
Microwave sensor&#13;
Non-invasive&#13;
Resonator&#13;
Sensitivity</text>
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                <text>This paper presents a rapidly developed non-invasive microstrip sensor for measuring blood glucose levels (BGLs). The sensor features a microstrip closed-loop square resonator integrated with an interdigital capacitor (IDC), creating a sensitive area for glucose detection when a patient’s finger is placed on it. Using odd and even mode analytical methods and transmission line theory, we analyzed the sensor’s performance. Results indicate that the second even mode demonstrates significant changes across a standard glucose concentration range. The sensor was designed and simulated in ANSYS high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS), showing a resonance frequency shift of up to 24.9 MHz at 1.94 GHz and a sensitivity of 110 kHz per mg/dL over a detection range of 0 to 216 mg/dL. Additionally, the frequency shift exhibits a high linear correlation (0.9485). In summary, the proposed sensor shows significant promise for achieving precise measurements of BGLs</text>
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                <text>Abolfazl Bijari, Faezeh Foolad, Mohammadreza Khorshidi</text>
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                <text>Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA</text>
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                  <text>VOL. 23, NO.4 2025</text>
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                <text>EdgeShield: a robust and agile cybersecurity architecture&#13;
for the internet of medical things</text>
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                <text>Data processing&#13;
Dimensionality reduction&#13;
Feature selection&#13;
Federated learning&#13;
Internet of medical things security&#13;
Intrusion detection systems&#13;
Principal component analysis</text>
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                <text>We present EdgeShield, a lightweight pipeline that streamlines internet of medical&#13;
things (IoMT) traffic analysis by pairing aggressive dimensionality-reduction&#13;
with federated model aggregation. It employs systematic preprocessing, advanced&#13;
feature selection, and robust sampling to reduce computational overhead&#13;
while enhancing performance. Through feature engineering techniques&#13;
such as principal component analysis (PCA), targeted feature selection, and embedding&#13;
methods, EdgeShield reduces dataset dimensionality by 96%, enabling&#13;
near real-time detection and prevention of cyber attacks on resource-constrained&#13;
edge devices. To harden the IoMT perimeter, EdgeShield trains ten lightweight&#13;
edge models in just 54s and merges their parameters into a single global classifier&#13;
with negligible extra delay. This method requires no additional training&#13;
or predictions, thus accelerating deployment. Additionally, by using a compact&#13;
dataset with five top-performing features and PCA with two components,&#13;
EdgeShield consistently achieves accuracy levels exceeding 99.2% for individual&#13;
edge models and the consolidated global model. With a built-in continuous&#13;
improvement loop, EdgeShield dynamically adapts to emerging data patterns&#13;
and operational conditions, driving substantial advancements in IoMT ecosystem&#13;
management. This approach delivers both rapid machine learning model&#13;
deployment and robust cyber attack detection, illustrating its potential to revolutionize&#13;
IoMT security and elevate healthcare data integrity.</text>
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                <text>Anass Misbah1, Anass Sebbar2, Imad Hafidi1</text>
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                <text>Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA</text>
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                <text>peri irawan</text>
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                  <text>VOL. 23, NO.4 2025</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Modified electro-optical modulator based bipolar optical code division multiple access for free-space optics</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Atmospheric turbulence&#13;
Bipolar code&#13;
Electro-optical modulator&#13;
Free-space optics&#13;
Optical code division multiple access&#13;
Polarization division multiplexing&#13;
Spectral amplitude coding</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This study introduces a modified electro-optical modulator (EOM) to enhance bipolar optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) in free-space optical (FSO) communication. The proposed system improves signal quality, spectral efficiency, and resilience to atmospheric turbulence. Unlike conventional dual EOM techniques, the modified EOM enables simultaneous transmission of ‘0’ and ‘1’ chip values, reducing multiple access interference (MAI) and enhancing system robustness. This approach optimizes bandwidth utilization and ensures stable performance in varying environmental conditions. Simulations were conducted in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel using three spectral amplitude coding (SAC) schemes: modified M-sequence, Walsh-Hadamard, and random diagonal (RD) codes. Results indicate that the modified EOM scheme significantly improves FSO system performance, achieving an average 47.1% lower minimum log of bit error rate (BER) in normal weather and 43.3% lower in extreme weather, ensuring superior noise suppression and signal integrity across varying environmental conditions. Additionally, the system maintains superior performance over longer distances, demonstrating its suitability for high-speed, long-range FSO applications. These findings highlight the potential of the modified EOM-based bipolar OCDMA system in advancing next-generation optical wireless networks, offering a more efficient, interference-resistant, and high-capacity communication solution for future technologies such as 6G and beyond.</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Eddy Wijanto1,2, Kevin Sutanto1</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>May 10, 2025</text>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <text>PERI IRAWAN</text>
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                  <text>VOL. 23, NO.4 2025</text>
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                <text>Archimides multiband micro ribbon spiral antenna for energy harvesting</text>
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                <text>Bandwidth&#13;
Microstrip antenna&#13;
Radio frequency&#13;
Resonant frequency&#13;
Spiral coils</text>
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                <text>The current need to conserve natural resources and find new ways to advance without damaging the environment has led to the search for different energy sources. In this sense, the availability of radio frequency (RF) energy is found as a favorable option for new energy sources. This work describes the design of a microstrip antenna for the collection of radiofrequency energy in the megahertz band. Using the automatic optimization software computer simulation technology (CST) Studio, a circular spiral antenna is simulated using the low-cost FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.57 mm and copper as the conductive material with a thickness of 0.035 mm. The proposed design presents resonance frequencies in multiple bands from 550 MHz to 1900 MHz, with bandwidths between 15 MHz and 150 MHz. The antenna design is based on the resonant cavity model and presents circular polarization due to its design coil type, with modified geometry using symmetrical orthogonal slots to generate multiple working bands. The design of this antenna can capture the power emitted by the frequency bands used in mobile telephony, radio communications, broadcasting, and television.</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Edison Andrés Zapata Ochoa1, Vanessa García Pineda1, Alejandro Valencia Arias2, Francisco Eugenio López Giraldo3</text>
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                <text>Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA</text>
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        <name>Bandwidth Microstrip antenna Radio frequency Resonant frequency Spiral coils</name>
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                <text>Design of a concurrent tri-band LNA based on composite right/left-handed transmission line resonators</text>
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                <text>Composite right left handed transmmision line&#13;
Low noise&#13;
Low noise amplifier&#13;
Multi band&#13;
Split ring resonator</text>
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                <text>This article presents a three-band low noise amplifier (LNA) in microstrip technology based on composite right left handed transmmision line (CRLH-TL) resonators for multi-band behavior, which has been designed to meet all the criteria that determine the quality of its operation. The transistor used is biased via a transmission line and matched by λ/4 transformer filters with CRLH-TL type resonators at the output to establish multiband behavior with improved band rejection to suppress unwanted frequencies and interference. </text>
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                <text>Adversarial loss&#13;
Deep learning&#13;
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Image resolution&#13;
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Pixel loss&#13;
Prior loss</text>
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                <text>This study investigates deep learning based single image super-resolution (SISR) and highlights its revolutionary potential. It emphasizes the significance of SISR, and the transition from interpolation to deep learning-driven reconstruction techniques. Generative adversarial network (GAN)-based models, including super-resolution generative adversarial network (SRGAN), video super-resolution network (VSRResNet), and residual channel attention-generative adversarial network (RCA-GAN) are utilised. The proposed technique describes the loss functions of the SISR models. However, it should be noted that the conventional methods frequently fail to recover lost high-frequency details, which signify their limitations. The current visual inspections indicate that the suggested model can perform better than the others in terms of quantitative metrics and perceptual quality. The quantitative results indicate that the utilised model can achieve an average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) enhancement of X dB and an average structural similarity index (SSIM) increase of Y. A range of improvements of 7.12-23.21% and 2.75-10.00% are obtained for PSNR and SSIM, respectively. Also, the architecture deploys a total of 2,005,571 parameters, with 2,001,475 of these being trainable. These results highlight the model’s efficacy in maintaining key structures and generating visually appealing outputs, supporting its potential implications in fields demanding high-resolution imagery, such as medical imaging and satellite imagery.</text>
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                <text>Energy scavenging-aided NOMA uplink communications:&#13;
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                <text>Nonorthogonal multiple access&#13;
Outage probability&#13;
Shadowed fading&#13;
Throughput&#13;
Uplink communications</text>
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                <text>Energy scavenging-aided nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) networks significantly&#13;
ameliorate energy-and-spectral efficiencies thanks to superimposing a&#13;
multitude of user signals for concurrent transmission and harvesting radio frequency&#13;
energy. Practically, energy harvesters possess non-linear characteristic&#13;
and their efficiency is enhanced considerably with deployment of multiple antennas.&#13;
Moreover, communication reliability and harvested energy are directly influenced&#13;
by wireless propagation which induces simultaneous effects of shadowing,&#13;
path loss, and fading. Accordingly, the current paper assesses analytically&#13;
outage probability and throughput of energy scavenging (ES)-aided NOMA uplink&#13;
communications (eNOMAu) taking into account the above-addressed realistic&#13;
factors (κ − μ shadowed fading, multi-antenna deployment, ES nonlinearity).&#13;
The results reveal considerable performance degradation caused by&#13;
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can be reached flexibly with appropriate specification selection. In addition,&#13;
accreting a quantity of antennas drastically mitigates the outage probability&#13;
of eNOMAu, which can be minimized with optimal ES time selection. Furthermore,&#13;
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                <text>Huu Q. Tran1, Khuong Ho-Van2</text>
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                <text>Conditional generative adversarial network&#13;
Frechet inception distance&#13;
Hand drawn human sketches&#13;
Law enforcement applications&#13;
Realistic image generation&#13;
Sketch-to-image translation</text>
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                <text>This research focuses on enhancing the realism of hand drawn human sketches through the use of conditional generative adversarial networks (cGAN). Addressing the challenge of translating rudimentary sketches into high-fidelity images, by leveraging the capability of deep learning algorithms such as cGANs. This is particularly significant for applications in law enforcement, where accurate facial reconstruction from eyewitness sketches is crucial. Our research utilizes the Chinese University of Hang Kong Face Sketches (CUFS) dataset, a paired dataset of hand drawn human faces sketches and their corresponding realistic images to train the cGAN model. Generator network produces realistic images based on input sketches, where as discriminator network evaluates authenticity of these generated images compared to the real ones. The study involves careful preprocessing of the dataset, including normalization and augmentation, to ensure optimal training conditions. The model performance assessed through both quantitative metrics, such as frechet inception distance (FID), and qualitative evaluations, including visual inspection of generated images. The potential applications of this research extend to various fields, such as agencies of law enforcement for finding suspects and locating missing persons. Future work exploring advanced techniques for further realism, and evaluating the model’s performance across diverse datasets.</text>
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                <text>Imran Ulla Khan1,2, Depa Ramachandraiah Kumar Raja1</text>
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                <text>Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA</text>
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Perceived ease of use&#13;
Perceived usefulness&#13;
Task interdependence&#13;
Technology acceptance model</text>
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                <text>This research aimed to investigate the relationship between perceived ease of use (PEU), perceived usefulness (PU), and task interdependence (TASKINT) on employees’ work performance. Technology acceptance model (TAM) was used as a theoretical perspective to explore technology adoption in the context of employees in higher education using electronic asset management (EAM). Moreover, a quantitative method was used to explain the causality of the relationship between the variables, and a total of 380 respondents were determined as the sample. The results showed that PEU and usefulness had a significant effect on TASKINT. Even though PEU and TASKINT had a significant effect on employees’ work performance, PU did not have a significant effect. In addition, the results showed TASKINT significantly mediated the relationship between perceived ease of use, usefulness, and employees’ work performance. These findings imply that enhancing the ease of use and fostering TASKINT can lead to improved employee performance when adopting new technologies. For higher education institutions (HEI), focusing on user-friendly systems and promoting collaborative tasks can maximize the benefits of technology implementation on work performance.</text>
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                  <text>VOL. 23, NO.4 2025</text>
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                <text>Energy analysis and comparative study of n-wheel graphs&#13;
in hierarchical wireless sensor network architectures</text>
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                <text>Color energy&#13;
Eigenvalues&#13;
Energy of a graph&#13;
Laplacian energy&#13;
Maximum degree energy&#13;
Wheel graph</text>
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                <text>The energy analysis of the newly introduced n-wheel graph, employs diverse&#13;
matrix representations such as the adjacency matrix, Laplacian matrix, and maximum&#13;
degree matrix. This novel graph model resembles a hierarchical wireless&#13;
sensor network (WSN), with a central hub serving as the communication center.&#13;
The graph is organized into cycles, reflecting tiers of devices or sensors, with the&#13;
hub managing wireless communication across these tiers. Through comparative&#13;
analysis of energy variations, particularly focusing on ordinary energy, Laplacian&#13;
energy, and maximum degree energy, offers a deeper understanding on the&#13;
potential benefits of the n-wheel graph model, guiding future research and practical&#13;
applications in the design of advanced hierarchical network structures.</text>
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                <text>Jerlinkasmir Rubancharles1, Naseema Valiyaveettil Abdul Lathief2, Veninstine Vivik Joseph1</text>
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                <text>Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA</text>
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