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                <text>In today’s competitive business environment, data-driven marketing strategies are essential for successful campaign outcomes. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of marketing campaign data, emphasizing its role in enhancing customer engagement, improving decision-making, and increasing conversion rates. It explores the complexity of campaign dynamics and consumer behavior, demonstrating how business intelligence and data visualization techniques support informed marketing decisions and actionable insights. Advanced data science methods such as data cleaning, feature engineering, and cross-validation enhance predictive accuracy and campaign optimization. Visualization plays a central role in transforming raw data into interpretable insights, enabling businesses to identify trends in customer preferences and purchasing behavior. Key findings reveal that customers aged 51–70, particularly those with higher education and income levels, show the greatest purchasing power, especially for wine and meat products. These insights help align marketing strategies with data-driven understanding to design personalized campaigns that resonate with target audiences. By combining analytical methods with effective visualization, businesses can develop impactful campaigns that drive engagement, boost conversions, and foster revenue growth. The study concludes with directions for future research, including real-time data processing and automated decision-making systems to ensure continuous improvement in digital marketing strategies.</text>
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                <text>The encryption of medical images protects the privacy of patient information transmitted over networks and communications. In this paper, a lightweight encryption method for medical images is proposed, combining a quadtree-based segmentation and a modified ITUBee algorithm for encryption. A digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) image is divided into variable-size blocks using the quadtree technique, and the key is generated through a two-dimensional Henon map; the first dimension is used in the confusion process (bit permutation) of the pixel values, and the second sequence is used to generate the key schedule through the application round function. Different numbers of rounds are applied to the ITUBee method based on the size of the segments in the quadtree, making the algorithm adaptive by increasing the round number when the block size is reduced. The method is used as a lightweight encryption method for encrypting all blocks, utilizing different round numbers for each block size to balance the degree of complexity with the total time consumption of the DICOM image. The result reinforces the proposed method, which produced a high mean squared error (MSE) between the DICOM image and the Encrypted One, and a lower peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). The proposed generated numbers were also tested using national institute of standards and technology (NIST) to evaluate the randomness.</text>
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                <text>In recent years, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have emerged as a promising solution to mitigate vehicular emissions and improve fuel efficiency. This study focuses on the Toyota Prius HEV, employing advanced artificial neural networks (ANN) and Gaussian process regression (GPR) to develop a predictive model for vehicle emissions. The model considers multiple pollutants, including carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx), measured under diverse driving conditions. The ANN model predicts emission trends, while GPR estimates prediction uncertainty, enhancing the model’s robustness. The GPR models achieved uncertainty levels of ±0.829 ppm for CO, ±9.978 ppm for HC, ±0.144 ppm for NOx, and ±411.256 ppm for CO₂, respectively, underscoring the robustness of the integrated approach for emission prediction. This research aims to support the development of more sustainable vehicle technologies and inform policy making for environmental sustainability (e.g., Euro 6/Euro 7 standards). Overall, the study addresses how artificial intelligence (AI) can be utilized to achieve accurate multi-pollutant emission predictions in HEVs. The findings reveal that an integrated ANN-GPR approach yields superior predictive performance (R² values approaching 1.0) with quantifiable uncertainty, outperforming a stand-alone ANN model and providing a robust solution to the emission prediction challenge.</text>
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                <text>The continuous evolution of wireless communication networks, fueled by advancements in 5G and the envisioned potential of 6G technologies, has introduced significant challenges in mobility management and handover (HO) optimization. The frequent HOs due to network densification, particularly at high frequencies like millimeter waves (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) bands, can lead to increased latency, and potential service disruptions. To address these issues, artificial intelligence (AI) driven approaches are emerging as promising alternatives. This paper explores the use of deep learning techniques for predictive HO management. An encoder-decoder long short-term memory (ED-LSTM) model is proposed to generate multistep predictions of future reference signal received power (RSRP) values. The model was trained and evaluated on two distinct real-world drive-test datasets. The results demonstrate that the proposed ED-LSTM model achieves lower prediction error, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 2.07 for dataset 1 and 2.33 for dataset 2, and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 2.80% for dataset 1 and 2.96% for dataset 2. Overall, the ED-LSTM outperforms the bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM) and standard LSTM (S-LSTM) model, achieving improvements of 33–38% on dataset 1 and 48-50% on dataset 2 in terms of MAE and MAPE, respectively</text>
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                <text>This research aims to increase the effectiveness in classifying shallot cultivation areas through the combined application of principal component analysis (PCA) and k-nearest neighbors (KNN) methods. Shallot is an important agricultural commodity, and identification of optimal areas for its cultivation is essential to support food self-sufficiency. Onion cultivation is generally done in the highlands. One of the areas with shallot cultivation in North Sumatra Province is Berastagi, Karo Regency. This research was conducted by determining the spatial extent of upland land. In the use of data there are 2 types of data that will be used: land suitability dataset and land condition dataset for each region. The PCA method is utilized to simplify the data structure by reducing the number of dimensions and removing insignificant attributes, while KNN was used to classify regions based on their suitability for shallot cultivation. This research produces a classification map that can be used to identify the most optimal areas for shallot cultivation. The test results with the regional spatial dataset using precision, recall and fi-score testing accuracy value 0.92%, and macro avg value 0.94%, weighted avg value 0.93%.</text>
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                <text>Arif Ridho Lubis1, Purwa Hasan Putra1, Fahdi Saidi Lubis2</text>
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                <text>Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA</text>
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                  <text>VOL. 23, NO.6 2025</text>
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                <text>The effectiveness of bentonite in reducing soil resistance in acidic water swampland</text>
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                <text>Acidic swamp land&#13;
Bentonite&#13;
Grounding electrode&#13;
Grounding resistance&#13;
Mixture effectiveness&#13;
Potential hydrogen</text>
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                <text>This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of bentonite mixtures in reducing grounding resistance in acidic swampy areas. The method used is an experiment comparing resistance before and after the addition of bentonite in various compositions (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%), supplemented with linear regression analysis. The results showed that bentonite significantly reduced soil resistance in three types of electrodes: iron rebar, copper-coated iron, and galvanised iron. The highest reduction in resistance was achieved in iron rebar electrodes, from 35.93 Ω to 22.46 Ω (a 37% reduction) with the addition of 25% bentonite. Linear regression analysis showed a consistent negative relationship between the percentage of bentonite and grounding resistance, with a coefficient of determination (R²) varying between 26.40% and 73.39%. These findings indicate that bentonite is effective as a natural grounding material in acidic swampy areas. This research makes an important contribution to the development of more efficient and safer electrical systems in swampy areas and challenging environments, while also supporting the use of natural materials to reduce dependence on synthetic chemicals.</text>
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                <text>Dian Eka Putra1, Muhammad Irfan Jambak2, Zainuddin Nawawi2</text>
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                <text>Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA</text>
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        <name>Acidic swamp land Bentonite Grounding electrode Grounding resistance Mixture effectiveness Potential hydrogen</name>
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                  <text>VOL. 23, NO.6 2025</text>
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                <text>Comparative performance analysis of convolutional neural network-architectures on coffee-bean roast classification</text>
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                <text>Agtron level&#13;
Classification&#13;
Coffee-bean roast&#13;
Convolutional neural networks&#13;
Performance analysis</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>The classification of coffee bean roast levels using Agtron standards has evolved from traditional subjective methods to technology-driven approaches employing advanced artificial intelligence. Recent advancements in computer vision have demonstrated the capability of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in providing objective and consistent roast level classification compared to human visual assessment, which is prone to variability and subjectivity. This research presents a performance analysis of five CNN architectures (AlexNet, ResNet, MobileNet, VGGNet, and DenseNet) for classifying coffee beans into eight distinct Agtron roast levels. The comprehensive methodology encompasses four phases: i) data acquisition, ii) image preprocessing, iii) model training and validation, and iv) evaluation metric. During training-validation, DenseNet outperformed other models, achieving 99.702% training accuracy and 77.68% validation accuracy. In the testing evaluation, DenseNet also led with an average testing accuracy of 93.8%, followed by ResNet at 92.6%, VGGNet and AlexNet both at 92.4%, and MobileNet at 89.7%. The results show that the DenseNet shows promise in classifying Agtron coffee-bean roast classification.</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Irfan Asfy Fakhry Anto1, Jony Winaryo Wibowo2, Aris Munandar2, Taufik Ibnu Salim2</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="110950">
                <text>Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA</text>
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                <text>Oct 19, 2025</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="110952">
                <text>PERI IRAWAN</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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      <tag tagId="13291">
        <name>Agtron level Classification Coffee-bean roast Convolutional neural networks Performance analysis</name>
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                  <text>VOL. 23, NO.6 2025</text>
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                <text>Reconfigurable ultra-wideband hexagonal antenna with two notched-band features for wireless applications</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>CST Microwave Studio&#13;
Frequency reconfigurable&#13;
Lumped element&#13;
Notch filters&#13;
Ultra-wideband</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Owing to the demand for frequency agility, a switchable ultra-wideband (UWB) hexagonal antenna was developed in this study. The proposed antenna features two notch filters introduced by two U-shaped slots on the patch to reduce interference from other wireless networks by rejecting the unique frequency bands. In addition, the proposed antenna comprises a hexagonal radiator attached to a feeding 50 Ω standard microstrip line. To fabricate the antenna prototype, a substrate (Rogers RT/Duroid 5880) with loss tangent and relative permittivity values of 0.0009, and 2.2, respectively, was used. Frequency and pattern reconfigurability were achieved by changing the electrical equivalent circuit of two positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diodes sandwiched within two U-shaped slots. The evaluation confirmed that the antenna operated within the D1&amp;D2-ON configuration across the entire UWB range while, effectively filtering the wireless body area network (WBAN) (6.10–6.56 GHz) and radar application (9.16–10.79 GHz) bands when both diodes were OFF. The radiation efficiency and gain reached values of 92.9 % and 7.5 dB, respectively. The proposed design offers a robust performance with enhanced interference rejection. This makes it suitable for modern cognitive radio systems.</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Khaled B. Suleiman1, Akrem Asmeida2, Shipun Anuar Hamzah3, Mohd Shamian bin Zainal4</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="110940">
                <text>Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="110942">
                <text>PERI IRAWAN</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="110944">
                <text>ENGLISH</text>
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                  <text>VOL. 23, NO.6 2025</text>
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                <text>Escalating QoS by firefly optimization of CGSTEB routing&#13;
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                <text>Clustering&#13;
Firefly optimization&#13;
General self-organized tree-based&#13;
energy balancing&#13;
Routing protocols&#13;
Subordinate energy alert gateways&#13;
Wireless sensor networks</text>
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                <text>Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) comprise large numbers of sensor nodes that&#13;
are highly constrained by limited battery power, making energy-efficient routing&#13;
essential for sustaining network lifetime and service quality. Among existing&#13;
solutions, the general self-organized tree-based energy balancing (GSTEB) protocol&#13;
with clustering has been widely adopted for energy-aware communication.&#13;
However, GSTEB and its clustered variant often suffer from energy imbalance,&#13;
high packet loss, and reduced quality of service (QoS) due to excessive load&#13;
on cluster heads (CHs). To address these challenges, this paper introduces an&#13;
enhanced routing framework that integrates firefly optimization with clustered&#13;
GSTEB (CGSTEB) and introduces subordinate energy alert gateways (SEAGs).&#13;
The firefly algorithm is applied to optimize CH selection through a fitness function&#13;
that balances residual energy and node proximity, ensuring efficient cluster&#13;
formation and adaptive load distribution. Meanwhile, SEAGs establish a twohop&#13;
communication model between CHs and the base station (BS), reducing CH&#13;
energy consumption and preventing premature node failures. Simulation experiments&#13;
conducted in NS2 demonstrate that the proposed firefly-CGSTEB with&#13;
SEAG significantly improves QoS metrics, including network lifetime, energy&#13;
utilization, throughput, and packet loss rate, compared with conventional CGSTEB.&#13;
These results confirm the effectiveness of combining metaheuristic optimization&#13;
with gateway-assisted routing for resilient and energy-efficient WSNs.</text>
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                <text>R. Madonna Arieth1, Ramya Govindaraj2, Subrata Chowdhury3, Thi Thu Nguyen4, Duc-Tan Tran5</text>
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                <text>Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA</text>
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            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                  <text>VOL. 23, NO.6 2025</text>
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                <text>Lightning studies on effects on distribution lines: a bibliometric analysis</text>
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                <text>Bibliometry&#13;
Distribution line&#13;
Induced voltage&#13;
Lightning&#13;
PRISMA</text>
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                <text>The study of lightning effects on distribution lines is of vital importance for the reliability and safety of electrical systems, as lightning is one of the main causes of failures. The purpose of this study is to perform a bibliometric analysis to evaluate academic productivity trends and research trajectories in this field. The methodology was based on a comprehensive search of the Scopus database, from which a total of 545 articles published between 1932 and 2024 were analyzed. For the analysis, the VOSviewer tool and the Bibliometrix library in R were used. The results reveal a constant increase in productivity since the 1970s, with Japan and China emerging as the most prolific countries. The research has evolved from early theoretical and experimental studies toward the use of advanced computational models and, more recently, the application of machine learning techniques for fault detection. In conclusion, the findings of this study provide a consolidated view of the field, which is fundamental for engineers to be able to design more robust protection systems and to guide future research toward model validation and the integration of renewable energy technologies.</text>
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                <text>Vladimir Henao – Céspedes1, Luis Fernando Díaz – Cadavid2</text>
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                <text>Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA</text>
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        <name>Bibliometry Distribution line Induced voltage Lightning PRISMA</name>
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