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                <text>Animal experiment&#13;
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                <text>To understand biosafety’s current situation in laboratory animal research and risk factors affecting occupational health. Compliance surveys were conducted by questionnaire via Questionnaire Star (an application&#13;
app on the Internet) in Chinese. Thirty-nine anonymous questionnaires were collected. The surveyed&#13;
institution has established 24 types of ABSL (Animal Biosafety Laboratory) and biosafety management organizations and systems equipped with safety equipment. Our study also suggests that the principal of the&#13;
laboratory establishment fails to perform supervision and inspection responsibilities, the inappropriate&#13;
design of the animal biosafety laboratory, non-standardized personnel training and health management,&#13;
non-strict waste management, and insufficient emergency management. The administrative department&#13;
and work units should address certain safety and occupational health risks in laboratory animal research.&#13;
The author proposes control strategies based on organizational guarantee, personnel management, emergency management, etc., to help prevent risks and ensure occupational health. Due to regional limitations&#13;
and small sample size, the results may not be generalisable to all parts of the world. However, some of the key&#13;
common issuesmay also be present in other regions, sowe believe that this research still has some relevance.</text>
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                <text>hun-tai Weng 1,2&#13;
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                <text>1 Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research), Fuzhou, China&#13;
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                <text>A lithium-ion battery is a rechargeable battery that uses the reversible reduction of lithium ions to store&#13;
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batteries are essential to ensure they operate safely. We conducted an exposure assessment five days after&#13;
a fire in a battery-testing facility. We assessed some of the potentially hazardous materials after a lithium-ion&#13;
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limits suggested by the Korean Ministry of Labor and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial&#13;
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,&#13;
Il Je Yu</text>
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                <text> HCTm, Icheon, Republic of Korea&#13;
2 H&amp;H Bio, Asan, Republic of Korea&#13;
3 Korea Industrial Association, Seoul, Republic of Korea&#13;
4 Intertox, Inc, Seattle, USA&#13;
5Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA&#13;
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                <text>Comparative Study of Heavy Metal Blood Serum Level Between&#13;
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                <text>Fertilizers&#13;
Heavy Metals&#13;
Farmers&#13;
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                <text> studies have indicated that organic fertilizers (OFer) might contain heavy metals (HMs) that&#13;
present health risks to organic farmers (OFar). This study compared the concentrations of six HMs (Zn, Ni,&#13;
Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr) in the blood of two distinct groups of farmers: 30 OFar from a designated organic area in&#13;
eastern Taiwan, and 74 conventional farmers (CFar) from neighboring non-organic designated regions. The&#13;
findings revealed that the OFar exhibited higher levels of Zn (1202.70 � 188.74 mg/L), Cr (0.20 � 0.09 mg/L),&#13;
and Ni (2.14 � 1.48 mg/L) in their blood compared to the CFar (988.40 � 163.16 mg/L, 0.18 � 0.15 mg/L, and&#13;
0.77 � 1.23 mg/L), respectively. The disparities in Zn, Cr, and Ni levels were measured at 214.3 mg/L, 0.02 mg/L,&#13;
and 1.37 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, among the OFar, those who utilized green manures (GM) displayed significantly elevated blood levels of Zn (1279.93 � 156.30 mg/L), Cr (0.24 � 0.11 mg/L), and Ni&#13;
(1.94 � 1.38 mg/L) compared to individuals who exclusively employed chemical fertilizers (CFer)&#13;
(975.42 � 165.35 mg/L, 0.19 � 0.16 mg/L, and 0.74 � 1.20 mg/L), respectively. The differences in Zn, Cr, and Ni&#13;
levels were measured at 304.51 mg/L, 0.05 mg/L, and 1.20 mg/L, respectively. As a result, OFar should be&#13;
careful in choosing OFer and avoid those that may have heavy metal contamination.</text>
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                <text>Mei-Hua Chung 1&#13;
, Kuo-Hsiang Hung 1&#13;
, Mi-Chia Ma 2&#13;
, Mei-Yu Liu 3&#13;
, Ru-Wei Lin 4</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="124826">
                <text>1Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan&#13;
2Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan&#13;
3Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Yuli Branch, Hualien, Taiwan&#13;
4 Institute of Food Safety Management, National Pingtung University of Science &amp; Technology Pingtung, Taiwan&#13;
5Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science &amp; Technology Pingtung, Taiwan</text>
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                <text>FAJAR BAGUS W</text>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 15 Issue 1 2024</text>
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                <text>Circadian Rhythms Characteristics of Nurses Providing Direct Patient&#13;
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                <text>Activity levels&#13;
Circadian rhythms&#13;
Cosinor analysis&#13;
Nursing&#13;
Shiftwork</text>
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                <text> In today’s modern world, longer working hours, shift work, and working at night have&#13;
become major causes of the disruption of our natural circadian rhythms. This study aimed to investigate&#13;
the effects of the type of shift work (rotating vs. fixed day), duty period (on-duty vs. off-duty), and&#13;
working period within each shift (nighttime vs. daytime) on the circadian rhythm characteristics of&#13;
nurses who provide direct patient care.&#13;
Methods: This cross-sectional study used a purposive sampling method. Cosinor analysis was applied to&#13;
analyze the actigraphy data of nurses providing direct patient care for seven consecutive days. The linear&#13;
mixed effects model was then used to determine any variances between shift type, duty period, and&#13;
working period within each shift for the nurses.&#13;
Results: The mesor value did not differ according to nurses’ shift type, duty period, and working period&#13;
within each shift. The amplitude was statistically higher in on-duty nurses and in daytime working&#13;
hours. The acrophase was significantly delayed in nighttime working hours. As well as nurses in rotating&#13;
shift had experience.&#13;
Conclusion: Our findings revealed that the peak activity of nurses occurs significantly later at night while&#13;
working and nurses working during nighttime hours may have a weaker or less distinct circadian rhythm.&#13;
Thus, this study suggests that limits be placed on the number of rotating nighttime shifts for nurses.</text>
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                <text>Ilknur Dolu 1,*, Serap Açıkgöz 2&#13;
, Ali Rıza Demirbas¸ 3&#13;
, Erdem Karabulut 4</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="124795">
                <text>1Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, 74100 Bartın University, Bartın, Turkey 2Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Turkey 3Governors State University, Department of Health Administration and Informatics, United States&#13;
4 Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Biostatistics, Turkey</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="124797">
                <text>FAJAR BAGUS W</text>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 15 Issue 1 2024</text>
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                <text>Respirable Silica Dust Exposure of Migrant Workers Informing&#13;
Regulatory Intervention in Engineered Stone Fabrication</text>
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                <text>Engineered stone&#13;
Micro or small-sized enterprises&#13;
Migrant workers&#13;
Respirable crystalline silica&#13;
Silicosis</text>
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                <text> Silicosis among workers who fabricate engineered stone products in micro or small-sized&#13;
enterprises (MSEs) was reported from several countries. Workplace exposure data of these workers at&#13;
high risk of exposure to respirable crystalline silica (RCS) dust are limited.&#13;
Methods: We surveyed workers performing cutting, shaping and polishing tasks at 6 engineered stone&#13;
fabricatingMSEs in Sydney, Australia prior to regulatoryintervention. Personal exposure to airborne RCS dust in&#13;
34 workers was measured, work practices were observed using a checklist and worker demography recorded.&#13;
Results: Personal respirable dust measurements showed exposures above the Australian workplace&#13;
exposure standard (WES) of 0.1 mg/m3 TWA-8 hours for RCS in 85% of workers who performed dry tasks&#13;
and amongst 71% using water-fed tools. Dust exposure controls were inadequate with ineffective&#13;
ventilation and inappropriate respiratory protection. All 34 workers sampled were identified as overseasborn migrants, mostly from three linguistic groups.&#13;
Conclusions: Workplace exposure data from this survey showed that workers in engineered stone&#13;
fabricating MSEs were exposed to RCS dust levels which may be associated with a high risk of developing&#13;
silicosis. The survey findings were useful to inform a comprehensive regulatory intervention program&#13;
involving diverse hazard communication tools and enforcing improved exposure controls. We conclude&#13;
that modest occupational hygiene surveys in MSEs, with attention to workers’ demographic factors can&#13;
influence the effectiveness of intervention programs. Occupational health practitioners should address&#13;
these potential determinants of hazardous exposures in their workplace surveys to prevent illness such&#13;
as silicosis in vulnerable workers</text>
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                <text>Mahinda Seneviratne 1,*, Kiran Shankar 2&#13;
, Phillip Cantrell 1&#13;
, Aklesh Nand</text>
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                <text>1 Hygiene &amp; Toxicology Team, SafeWork NSW, Parramatta, Australia&#13;
2 Chemical Analysis Branch, TestSafe Australia, Thornleigh, Australia</text>
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                <text>Assessment of Occupational Health Risks for Maintenance Work in&#13;
Fabrication Facilities: Brief Review and Recommendations</text>
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                <text>Fabrication (FAB) facility&#13;
Maintenance work&#13;
Occupational health risk assessment&#13;
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Semiconductor&#13;
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                <text>This study focuses on assessing occupational risk for the health hazards encountered during&#13;
maintenance works (MW) in semiconductor fabrication (FAB) facilities.&#13;
Objectives: The objectives of this study include: 1) identifying the primary health hazards during MW in&#13;
semiconductor FAB facilities; 2) reviewing the methods used in evaluating the likelihood and severity of&#13;
health hazards through occupational health risk assessment (OHRA); and 3) suggesting variables for the&#13;
categorization of likelihood of exposures to health hazards and the severity of health effects associated&#13;
with MW in FAB facilities.&#13;
Methods: A literature review was undertaken on OHRA methodology and health hazards resulting from&#13;
MW in FAB facilities. Based on this review, approaches for categorizing the exposure to health hazards&#13;
and the severity of health effects related to MW were recommended.&#13;
Results: Maintenance workers in FAB facilities face exposure to hazards such as debris, machinery&#13;
entanglement, and airborne particles laden with various chemical components. The level of engineering&#13;
and administrative control measures is suggested to assess the likelihood of simultaneous chemical and&#13;
dust exposure. Qualitative key factors for mixed exposure estimation during MW include the presence of&#13;
safe operational protocols, the use of air-jet machines, the presence and effectiveness of local exhaust&#13;
ventilation system, chamber post-purge and cooling, and proper respirator use. Using the risk (R) and&#13;
hazard (H) codes of the Globally Harmonized System alongside carcinogenic, mutagenic, or reprotoxic&#13;
classifications aid in categorizing health effect severity for OHRA.&#13;
Conclusion: Further research is needed to apply our proposed variables in OHRA for MW in FAB facilities&#13;
and subsequently validate the findings.</text>
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                <text>Dong-Uk Park 1,*, Kyung Ehi Zoh 2,3,#, Eun Kyo Jeong 4&#13;
, Dong-Hee Koh 5&#13;
, Kyong-Hui Lee 6&#13;
,&#13;
Naroo Lee 7&#13;
, Kwonchul Ha</text>
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                <text>1Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, Seoul, Republic of Korea&#13;
2Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea&#13;
3National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea&#13;
4Department of Industrial Safety and Health, Osan University, Osan, Republic of Korea&#13;
5Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, International St. Mary’s Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Republic of Korea 6US Army 65th Medical Brigade, Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine Unit, USA&#13;
7Occupational Safety &amp; Health Research Institute, KOSHA, Ulsan, Republic of Korea&#13;
8 Changwon National University, Changwon, Republic of Korea&#13;
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                <text>FAJAR BAGUS W</text>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 15 Issue 1 2024</text>
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                <text>Work Ability Index: Psychometric Testing in Aeronautical Industry&#13;
Workers</text>
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                <text>Industry&#13;
Psychometrics&#13;
Reliability and validity&#13;
Spain&#13;
Work ability</text>
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                <text> The Work Ability Index (WAI) is an instrument that measures work ability. The wide&#13;
dispersion of the WAI internationally has led to its adaptation for use in different countries. This study&#13;
aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the WAI.&#13;
Methods: A methodological design was used over an opportunistic sample of 233 workers in the aeronautical industry in Spain. Reliability was evaluated through internal consistency. Factorial validity,&#13;
known groups, and convergent validity were tested.&#13;
Results: The Cronbach’s alpha and item-total correlation indicated an adequate internal consistency. The&#13;
confirmatory factor analysis, performed to evaluate the factorial validity, found adequate fit indices for a&#13;
two-factor solution with a high correlation between the factors. Factor 1, “Subjectively estimated work&#13;
ability and resources”, was composed of 3 subscales and factor 2, “Ill-health-related”, of 2 subscales.&#13;
Subscales 4 and 6 had loading in both factors. Workers under 45 years of age obtained higher significant&#13;
scores than older ones. Convergent validity was also evidenced since WAI was highly correlated with&#13;
self-assessment of health status.&#13;
Conclusions: The Spanish version of the WAI has shown evidence of reliability and validity in this study,&#13;
supporting its use in individual and collective health surveillance by occupational health professionals.&#13;
The factorial solution that was found has previously been reported in another international context.&#13;
However, further research is needed to resolve the discrepancies detected in the role of some subscales&#13;
between other national and international studies.</text>
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                <text>María Eugenia González-Domínguez 1,2&#13;
, Elena Fernández-García 3,4,*,&#13;
Olga Paloma-Castro 5,6&#13;
, Regina María González-López 7&#13;
, María Paz Rivas Pérez 1&#13;
,&#13;
Luis López-Molina 8,9&#13;
, Jesús García-Jiménez 10, José Manuel Romero-Sánchez 5,6</text>
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                <text>1 Health and Safety Department, Medical Services, Centro Bahía de Cádiz, Airbus, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain&#13;
2 Research Group under the Andalusian Research, Development and Innovation Scheme CTS-391 “Grupo Multidisciplinario para el Progreso de Salud&#13;
Mental”, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain 3Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy, and Podiatry, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain&#13;
4 Research Group under the Andalusian Research, Development, and Innovation Scheme CTS-1050 “Complex Care, Chronic and Health Outcomes”,&#13;
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain&#13;
5Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain&#13;
6 Research Group under the Andalusian Research, Development, and Innovation Scheme CTS-1019 MELES “Nursing Methods and Standardized Languages”,&#13;
Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain&#13;
7 Centro de Salud Monòver, Conselleria de Sanitat Universal i Salut Pública, Generalitat Valenciana, Elda, Spain&#13;
8 Business Organization Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Cádiz, Spain&#13;
9 Research Group under the Andalusian Research, Development and Innovation Scheme SEJ-597 HiLPlug “Lean Management of Production and&#13;
Hyperconnected Universal Integrated Logistics”, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain 10 Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Cádiz, Spain</text>
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                <text>FAJAR BAGUS W</text>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 15 Issue 1 2024</text>
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                <text>Association between Work-related Communication Devices Use&#13;
during Work Outside of Regular Working Hours and Depressive&#13;
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                <text>communication devices&#13;
depressive symptoms&#13;
wage worker&#13;
working hours</text>
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                <text>This study aimed to investigate the relationship between work-related communication&#13;
devices use during work outside of regular working hours and depressive symptoms in wage workers.&#13;
Methods: Data from 50,538 workers aged 15 years or older who had participated in the 6th Korean&#13;
Working Condition Survey (KWCS) were used. The final sample was 32,994 wage workers. The questionnaire asked the respondents how often they used communication devices for work during work&#13;
outside of regular working hours. Depressive symptoms were assessed using WHO-5 Well-Being Index.&#13;
Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association between work-related&#13;
communication devices use during work outside of regular working hours and depressive symptoms.&#13;
Results: The rate of depressive symptoms was highest among workers who did not use work-related&#13;
communication devices during work outside of regular working hours. After adjusting for sociodemographic and work-related factors, the odds ratio of depressive symptoms among workers who&#13;
used communication devices when working outside of regular working hours was 1.20 (95% CI: 1.09&#13;
e1.32); the odds ratio of depressive symptoms in the group not using communication devices for freetime work was 1.66 (95% CI: 1.37e2.00), which was higher than that of the reference group, that is,&#13;
workers who did not work outside of regular working hours, and was statistically significant.&#13;
Conclusion: Regardless of whether work-related communication devices are used, working outside of&#13;
regular working hours increases depressive symptoms. The use of work-related communication devices&#13;
during work outside of regular working hours can reduce the rate of depressive symptoms</text>
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                <text>Min-Sun Kim 1&#13;
, Shin-Goo Park 1,*, Hwan-Cheol Kim 1&#13;
, Sang-Hee Hwang 2</text>
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                <text>1Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea&#13;
2Department of Dentistry, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea</text>
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                <text>FAJAR BAGUS W</text>
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                  <text>Safety and Health at Work Vol. 15 Issue 1 2024</text>
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                <text>Importance of an Integrated Assessment of Functional Disability and&#13;
Work Ability in Workers Affected by Low Back Pain</text>
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                <text>Depression&#13;
Disability&#13;
Low back pain&#13;
Oswestry Disability Index&#13;
Work Ability Index</text>
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                <text>This study examines the relationship between functional disability and work ability in&#13;
workers affected by low back pain (LBP) through an analysis of correlations between the Oswestry&#13;
Disability Index (ODI) and Work Ability Index (WAI). The role of personal and work factors on functional&#13;
disability/work ability levels has also been studied. LBP is the most common musculoskeletal problem and a&#13;
major disabling health problem worldwide. Its etiology is multifactorial. Multidisciplinary approaches may&#13;
help reduce the burden of pain and disability and improve job continuity and reintegration at work.&#13;
Methods: A cohort of 264 patients affected by LBP from an Italian outpatient clinic were included in a&#13;
clinical diagnostic/therapeutic trial aiming at rehabilitation and return to work through an integrated&#13;
investigation protocol. Data were collected during the first medical examination using anamnestic and&#13;
clinical tools. The final sample is composed of 252 patients, 57.1% man, 44.0 % blue collars, 46.4% with the&#13;
high school degree, 45.6% married.&#13;
Results: WAI and ODI reported a negative and fair correlation (r ¼ e0.454; p ¼ .000). Workers with acute&#13;
LBP symptoms have a higher probability of severe disability than those with chronic LBP symptoms.&#13;
White collars without depressive symptoms reported higher work ability e even in chronic disability&#13;
conditions-than those with depressive symptoms.&#13;
Conclusion: The study found that ODI and WAI have a convergent validity and this suggests that the two&#13;
tools measure capture distinctive aspects of disability related to personal, environmental, and occupational characteristics. The most important and modifiable prognostic factors found for ODI and WAI were&#13;
depressive symptoms, workday absence, and intensity of back pain. The study also found a mild association between age and ODI. The study’s findings highlight the importance of using a multidisciplinary&#13;
approach to manage and prevent disability due to LBP.</text>
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                <text>Fabrizio Russo 1,2&#13;
, Cristina Di Tecco 3,*, Simone Russo 3&#13;
, Giorgia Petrucci 2&#13;
,&#13;
Gianluca Vadalà 1,2&#13;
, Vincenzo Denaro 1,2&#13;
, Sergio Iavicoli 4</text>
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                <text> Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital Foundation, Rome, Italy&#13;
2 Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy&#13;
3 Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Rome, Italy 4 Ministry of Health, Directorate for Communication and International Affairs, Rome, Italy</text>
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                <text>FAJAR BAGUS W</text>
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Job strain&#13;
Longitudinal study&#13;
Occupational stress&#13;
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                <text> Different job strain formulations based on the Job Demand-Control model have been&#13;
developed. This study evaluated longitudinal associations between job strain and psychological distress&#13;
and whether associations were influenced by six formulations of job strain, including quadrant (original&#13;
and simplified), subtraction, quotient, logarithm quotient, and quartile based on quotient, in randomly&#13;
selected Japanese workers.&#13;
Methods: Data were from waves I and II of the Survey of Midlife in Japan (MIDJA), with a 4-year followup period. The study sample consisted of 412 participants working at baseline and had complete data on&#13;
variables of interest. Associations between job strain at baseline and psychological distress at follow-up&#13;
were assessed via multivariable linear regression, and results were expressed as b coefficients and 95%&#13;
confidence intervals including R2 and Akaike information criterion (AIC) evaluation.&#13;
Results: Crude models revealed that job strain formulations explained 6.93e10.30% of variance. The AIC&#13;
ranged from 1475.87 to 1489.12. After accounting for sociodemographic and behavioral factors and&#13;
psychological distress at baseline, fully-adjusted models indicated significant associations between all&#13;
job strain formulations at baseline and psychological distress at follow-up: original quadrant (b: 1.16, 95%&#13;
CI: 0.12, 2.21), simplified quadrant (b: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.18, 1.85), subtraction (b: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.70),&#13;
quotient (b: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.67), logarithm quotient (b: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.72), and quartile based on&#13;
quotient (b: 1.22, 95% CI: 0.36, 2.08).&#13;
Conclusion: Six job strain formulations showed robust predictive power regarding psychological distress&#13;
over 4 years among Japanese workers</text>
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, Norito Kawakami 4&#13;
, Wendie Robbins 1,2&#13;
,&#13;
Jian Li 1,</text>
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                <text> School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States&#13;
2Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States&#13;
3Department of Environmental &amp; Occupational Health, College of Health &amp; Human Development, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, United&#13;
States&#13;
4Department of Digital Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan&#13;
5Department of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand</text>
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