10 10 201 https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/7db430387a28d7076ba5d8213d71bbb3.pdf f531838c293838c10838b5d9c0caaec4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Volume 18 Issue 1 2025 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Acute phase reactants in the diagnosis of soft tissue infections of the upper extremity Subject The topic of the resource Upper extremity infections, Acute phase reactants, C-reactive protein, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, White blood cell count, Soft tissue infections, Incision and drainage, Septic arthritis, Diagnostic biomarkers Description An account of the resource Abstract Background Upper extremity soft tissue infections are commonly encountered in emergency department settings and often require timely interventions. Acute phase reactants, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and white blood cell count (WBC), are commonly used in diagnostic workups. However, the utility of these biomarkers in the management of upper extremity infections remains uncertain. This study evaluates the diagnostic value of these acute phase reactants in a broad cohort of patients requiring intervention for upper extremity infections. Results A retrospective review over five years identified 103 patients with upper extremity infections who required incision and drainage. The study found variable sensitivity and reliability of acute phase reactants, particularly for infections distal to the wrist. The average ESR was 42 mm/hr, CRP 64.1 mg/L, and WBC 10.5×103/uL. Of patients with normal acute phase reactants, all had infections located at or distal to the wrist. Notably, patients with culture- negative infections did not exhibit significant differences in laboratory values compared to those with positive cultures. Conclusions Our study highlights the limitations of acute phase reactants as diagnostic tools for upper extremity infections, particularly in cases involving infections distal to the wrist. Despite the frequent elevation of these markers in infections requiring surgical intervention, they should not be relied upon as sole determinants of management. A thorough clinical examination and history remain critical in guiding treatment decisions. This study underscores the need for caution when using these biomarkers to rule in or rule out infection in the emergency department. Keywords Upper extremity infections, Acute phase reactants, C-reactive protein, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, White blood cell count, Soft tissue infections, Incision and drainage, Septic arthritis, Diagnostic biomarkers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource John A. Buchan1*, Andrew Burkhart1 , Phillip R. Ross1 and Peter J. Stern1 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-025-00905-4 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2025 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Peri Irawan Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Language A language of the resource english Type The nature or genre of the resource text Upper extremity infections, Acute phase reactants, C-reactive protein, https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/568c03cd41f2034f5df5aed0315fc070.pdf 80225f91fcda9f435acaee354e2ad51f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Volume 18 Issue 1 2025 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Evolving trends in psychiatric emergency services in Southern China: a seven-year retrospective analysis Subject The topic of the resource Psychiatric emergency services, Evolving trends, Mental health services, Retrospective analysis, China Description An account of the resource Abstract Background The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University is an important provider of psychiatric emergency services (PES) in southern China. Revealing the evolution trend of the psychiatric emergency services of this hospital can help decision-makers formulate relevant policies. However, at present, there is a lack of large-scale, long-term retrospective studies. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on patient records from the psychiatric emergency room (PER) of the Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University. Data included demographic and clinical variables were aggregated annually and described using percentages from 2018 to 2024. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test were used to confirm significance of the trends. Results More voluntary health-seeking behaviors, broader medical insurance coverage, more cautious use of restraint measures, and more precise diagnoses were observed from 2018 to 2024. Besides, there were an increasing number of younger, highly educated, unmarried, and unemployed visitors. We also found that the gender gap is widening and medical resources are increasingly strained. There are differences between judicial and medical personnel in making compulsory decisions. During Covid-19, the demographic and clinical variables show significant changes. Conclusions PES in southern China have developed to a certain extent, but they are also confronted with obstacles at the same time. These trends underscore the need for enhanced referral systems, expanded community-based psychiatric care, ethical guidelines for managing coercive measures and strengthening the response strategies for public event crises. Keywords Psychiatric emergency services, Evolving trends, Mental health services, Retrospective analysis, China Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cuiling Zhang1,2†, Suiyun Weng1,2†, Xiaoyu Zhang1,3, Songkang Liu1,2, Min Yu1,2* and Miaoling Jiang1,2* Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-025-00904-5 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2025 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Peri Irawan Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Language A language of the resource english Type The nature or genre of the resource text Psychiatric emergency services, Evolving trends, Mental health services, Retrospective analysis, China https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/d08d8463050eba212705f396c6969485.pdf 79c9466d26c034037a024cca106f7f76 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Volume 18 Issue 1 2025 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Effectiveness of mobile stroke units in reducing time to thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke: a scoping review Subject The topic of the resource Mobile stroke unit, Acute ischemic stroke, Thrombolysis, Time to treatment, Prehospital care Description An account of the resource Abstract Background Timely thrombolysis within the golden hour (≤60 min from onset) is critical for minimizing disability in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Mobile stroke units (MSUs) enable prehospital thrombolysis, with effectiveness varying by urban versus rural settings, the presence of an onboard neurologist, and telemedicine models. This study maps evidence on MSU effectiveness in reducing time to thrombolysis in AIS compared to standard emergency medical services (EMS), examines factors modulating effectiveness (e.g., geographic setting, operational protocols), and identifies research gaps. Methods This scoping review followed the Arksey and O’Malley framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched from January 2008 to March 2025 for peer- reviewed studies reporting thrombolysis timing in AIS with MSUs. Included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational studies, and meta-analyses (using both fixed-effects and random-effects models) were synthesized narratively, with data on time reductions, treatment rates, outcomes, and limitations extracted by two blinded reviewers (NA and EK) and tabulated. Results Thirteen studies (five RCTs, six observational studies, and two meta-analyses) involving 39,800 patients across urban and mixed settings were included. MSUs reduced the median onset-to-needle time by 20–41 min, increasing golden-hour rates from less than 5% (EMS) to 21–33%. Urban settings reduced time by 25–41 min and onboard neurologists by up to 41 min, compared to 20–40 min in rural areas and 30–37 min with telemedicine. Thrombolysis rates increased by 10–20% with MSUs compared to EMS, with earlier treatment associated with improved 90-day mRS outcomes of 0–1. Gaps include limited rural data, sparse real-world evidence of cost-effectiveness, and inconsistent reporting of outcomes. Conclusion MSUs enhance access to thrombolysis in AIS, resulting in substantial time savings and potential benefits to outcomes, particularly in urban settings. Further research is needed on rural applicability, cost-effectiveness, and standardized outcomes to optimize global MSU implementation. Keywords Mobile stroke unit, Acute ischemic stroke, Thrombolysis, Time to treatment, Prehospital care Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nicholas Aderinto1*, Gbolahan Olatunji2 and Emmanuel Kokori2 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-025-00903-6 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2025 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Peri Irawan Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Language A language of the resource english Type The nature or genre of the resource text Mobile stroke unit, Acute ischemic stroke, Thrombolysis, Time to treatment, Prehospital care https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/15442fa9015355110bc517680bce1de0.pdf eda3b76de3e607a5e978b5d7d7bd49bc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Volume 18 Issue 1 2025 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Treatment of agitation in dementia - a systematic review Subject The topic of the resource Dementia, Systematic review, Agitation Description An account of the resource Abstract Dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), affects millions worldwide, leading to cognitive decline, memory loss, and behavioral disturbances. Agitation, a common symptom, poses significant challenges for patients and caregivers. This systematic review evaluates pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for managing agitation in dementia. Nine clinical studies were analyzed, encompassing medications like brexpiprazole and non- pharmacological approaches such as music therapy and digital care programs. Pharmacological treatments showed mixed efficacy and safety profiles, with brexpiprazole demonstrating dose-dependent benefits and mirtazapine associating with higher mortality rates. Non-pharmacological interventions exhibited promising results in reducing agitation without adverse effects. The review underscores the importance of personalized care strategies tailored to individual patient needs and preferences to enhance treatment efficacy and quality of life, highlighting the shift toward holistic, individualized care. Keywords Dementia, Systematic review, Agitation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Misha Choudry1 , Murdoc Gould2 and Latha Ganti3,4* Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-025-00902-7 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2025 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Peri Irawan Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Language A language of the resource english Type The nature or genre of the resource text Dementia, Systematic review, Agitation https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/ce065bd2ef4fdbd044577f58e32a4704.pdf 53a3ae28a5b48a64a0fe64c7050771e2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Volume 18 Issue 1 2025 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Climate change and the global food chain: a catalyst for emerging infectious diseases? Subject The topic of the resource Food-borne, Zoonotic spillover, Climate change, Antimicrobial resistance, One health Description An account of the resource Abstract Background Climate change is disrupting the global food chain, affecting food production, delivery and safety. Extreme weather events disrupt the quality of food and water, while rising temperatures accelerate the spread of microbes. Habitat destruction also forces wildlife in close proximity to people, increasing the risk of zoonotic diseases. Threatening global health seriously, these disturbances also increase the probability of infectious and food-borne diseases. Method A narrative review of literature data from WHO publications, Google Scholar and PubMed. The review examines the impacts of climate change on agriculture, food supply systems, and the associated transmission of infectious disease — specifically zoonotic and food-borne diseases. Results As temperatures increase, the germs multiply easily — and the risk of E. coli and Salmonella goes up. Waterborne diseases such as Norovirus and Hepatitis A are more likely to spread in typified extreme weather conditions such as floods. Ecosystem changes push humans and animals into a closer relationship that can lead to zoonotic spillovers, such as the Nipah virus and COVID-19. The growth of animal production and international trade exacerbates antimicrobial resistance (AMR) issues, imposing challenges to disease control. Conclusion Climate change is a critical public health emergency with risks of zoonotic and food-borne illnesses alarmingly on the rise. This is an important step toward a One Health approach, which also addresses the integration of human, animal, and environmental health, as well as strengthens food safety regulations and enhances disease surveillance. It needs immediate international cooperation to construct a robust and sustainable food system that reduces health hazards. Clinical trial number Not applicable. Keywords Food-borne, Zoonotic spillover, Climate change, Antimicrobial resistance, One health Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Courage Chandipwisa1,2, Olivier Uwishema1* , Adisalem Debebe1,3, Malaz M. Abdalmotalib1,4, Reem Barakat1,5, Abdu Oumer1,3, Mosopefoluwa John1,6, Luboom Taa1,7 and Helen Onyeaka8 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-025-00901-8 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2025 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Peri Irawan Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Language A language of the resource english Type The nature or genre of the resource text Food-borne, Zoonotic spillover, Climate change, Antimicrobial resistance, One health https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/2e8e7f6063b01726168e4961a5b5b7aa.pdf 3480caffad1806887cbba7989f720e66 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Volume 18 Issue 1 2025 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Instantaneous rigor - the challenge of securing an airway in cardiac arrest: a case report Subject The topic of the resource Instantaneous rigor, Difficult airway, Surgical cricothyrotomy, Emergency airway management, Cardiac arrest Description An account of the resource Abstract Cadaveric spasm, also known as instantaneous rigor, is a rare and poorly understood phenomenon characterized by immediate muscle rigidity at the moment of death or cardiac arrest. This can result in severe trismus, making conventional airway management impossible. We present a case of a morbidly obese patient who suffered a sudden cardiac arrest with instantaneous rigor, necessitating an urgent surgical cricothyrotomy. This report underscores the need for early recognition of this condition, rapid decision-making regarding airway management, and the importance of specialized training for emergency physicians, particularly in anatomically challenging scenarios. Keywords Instantaneous rigor, Difficult airway, Surgical cricothyrotomy, Emergency airway management, Cardiac arrest Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Michal Soták1,2*, Tomáš Henlín1 and Tomáš Tyll1 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-025-00900-9 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2025 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Peri Irawan Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Language A language of the resource english Type The nature or genre of the resource text Instantaneous rigor, Difficult airway, Surgical cricothyrotomy, Emergency airway management, Cardiac arrest https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/69ed5949e32fcc9d9e5879c5930006ab.pdf 359a8de36e48a2308371a893411e4c6c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Volume 18 Issue 1 2025 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Epidemiological characteristics of elderly population receiving pre-hospital emergency care after road traffic injuries in Punjab, Pakistan Subject The topic of the resource Every year, 1.3 million lives are lost to road traffic injuries (RTIs). Description An account of the resource Abstract Background Every year, 1.3 million lives are lost to road traffic injuries (RTIs). 90% of these deaths disproportionately occur in Lower-Middle Income Countries (LMICs). Due to frailty and reduced physiological resilience, elderly populations are at higher risk of RTIs and poor outcomes, versus younger populations. Further, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the global elderly population will double by 2050, indicating that this group will be at an even higher risk of RTIS. Objectives Our study aims to utilize Emergency Medical Services (EMS) data to better understand the trends, types, injuries, patient characteristics, and outcomes of RTIs involving the elderly, ultimately contributing to more targeted and effective road safety policies and interventions. Methods We analyzed secondary EMS data during 2022 and 2023 from the Emergency Services Department (Rescue 1122) in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. RTI data in patients aged≥65 years was extracted from the database for age, gender, education, response time, injury type, RTI victim type, location of injury, and victim outcome. Multivariable analysis was carried out using multiple logistic regression to obtain an adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval for on-scene mortality. Results From 4.2 million EMS activations, data on 34,345 RTIs in elderly patients was analyzed. Patients had a mean age of 70.12 years, and 77% (26,608) were males. The most common injury type was soft tissue injury (24,166; 70.36%), followed by limb injury (5,126; 14.9%), and head injury (2,590; 7.5%). Most victims suffered injuries as passengers (11,396; 37.2%). The mean response time was 7.19 minutes, and the on-scene mortality rate was 1.3% (443). The odds of on-scene mortality increased with increasing response time (AOR: 1.05, CI: 1.04–1.07), while an increase in the degree of urbanization was associated with decreasing odds of on-scene mortality (AOR: 0.99, CI: 0.98–0.99). Head Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kantesh Kumar1 , Sheza Hassan2 , Muhammad Bazil Musharraf1 , Komal Abdul Rahim1 , Sijal Akhtar Sheikh1 , Huba Atiq1 , Muhammad Waqas Ahmed1,4, Rameez-ur-Rehman Siddiqui1 , Rizwan Naseer3 , Shahnaz Akhter3 , Yasir Shafiq1 and Junaid Razzak1,2* Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-025-00898-0 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2025 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Peri Irawan Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Language A language of the resource english Type The nature or genre of the resource text Every year, 1.3 million lives are lost to road traffic injuries (RTIs). https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/7a8f2f7e98a282c4817c5e5eacb6c9f7.pdf aae6433bcd7f1157d10155a4edb4721b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Volume 18 Issue 1 2025 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sports injuries in the emergency department: an observational study with a gender perspective Subject The topic of the resource Sports, Injury type, Injury location, Sex-difference, Emergency room Description An account of the resource Abstract Introduction Sports injuries are a significant concern in emergency departments and affect both amateur and professional athletes. With the increase in women’s participation in sports, it is crucial to understand sex-specific injury characteristics, as patterns observed in men may not apply to women. This observational, descriptive and retrospective study aims to analyze sex differences in sports injuries to improve diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies. Our hypothesis is that sports injury patterns differ between sexes. Methods Patients treated for sports injuries between 2020 and 2023 in the Emergency Department at our hospital were included in the study. Researchers collected data on demographics, sports practiced, types of injuries, and initial treatment, utilizing descriptive statistics, Student’s t-test for continuous variables, Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables, and variable correlation for data analysis. Results A total of 977 patients were included in the study, 82% of whom were men. Significant differences were observed regarding the sport practiced (p<0.001) and the type of injury (p=0.02) between the groups. No differences were observed in injury location or the percentage of patients receiving each treatment modality. Specific correlations were also conducted between sports, type of injury, and location. Contusions, ligamentous injuries and dislocations were associated with specific sports and/or locations in men and women. Ligamentous injuries were observed in both sexes predominantly in the ankle and knee. Conclusion Increasing sports participation offers health benefits but also increases the risk of injuries. Our study aimed to investigate whether sports injury patterns differ between sexes. The results support this hypothesis, highlighting significant sex differences in injury patterns. Keywords Sports, Injury type, Injury location, Sex-difference, Emergency room Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sandra Mallorquín1* , Luis Martínez-Sañudo1,2 , Maribel González-Riveiro1,2 , Mireia Viñas-Noguera1 , Maria del Mar Pizà-Serra1 and Xavier Pelfort-López1 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-025-00897-1 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2025 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Peri Irawan Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Language A language of the resource english Type The nature or genre of the resource text Sports, Injury type, Injury location, Sex-difference, Emergency room https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/3d33f4c6d3e146b294fbf3773052a66f.pdf f956e8167c750543b7fa9c527403150a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Volume 18 Issue 1 2025 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Intestinal fistula following concentrated hydrochloric acid ingestion: a rare case report Subject The topic of the resource Hydrochloric acid, Gastrointestinal tract necrosis, Caustic injury, Multiple organ dysfunction Description An account of the resource Abstract Background Ingestion of corrosive agents is a well-known cause of extensive and severe gastrointestinal tract injury. Acids can result in significant acute complications throughout the gastrointestinal system. Case presentation Herein, we present a case of total gastrointestinal necrosis after a patient ingested a large amount of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Of note, the patient developed an intestinal fistula six days following ingestion, requiring surgical intervention. This case underscores the potential for delayed gastrointestinal necrosis with high-volume and concentrated hydrochloric acid ingestion. Early CT evaluation and multi-organ protection are crucial for such patients. For patients with no signs of perforation, multidisciplinary physicians should comprehensively evaluate the necessity of surgical exploration. In such cases, comprehensive treatment strategies can significantly improve outcomes. Conclusions The purpose of this case report is to highlight the complexities and challenges in managing severe hydrochloric acid ingestion, to discuss the multidisciplinary approach required for such cases, and to contribute to the existing literature by providing detailed insights into the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcomes of a rare and severe instance of concentrated HCl ingestion. Keywords Hydrochloric acid, Gastrointestinal tract necrosis, Caustic injury, Multiple organ dysfunction Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Xiaoxi Zhu1†, Yunchao Chen1†, Zejin Ou2 , Ruichang Zhang1 and Zhi Wang2* Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-025-00896-2 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2025 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Peri Irawan Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Language A language of the resource english Type The nature or genre of the resource text Hydrochloric acid, Gastrointestinal tract necrosis, Caustic injury, Multiple organ dysfunction https://repository.horizon.ac.id/files/original/5536e355ae2a1b84086bcc40ba576f4b.pdf 6fd798ba6be8810f6bb2d5613060d5bc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Volume 18 Issue 1 2025 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Evaluating large language models for renal colic imaging recommendations: a comparative analysis of Gemini, copilot, and ChatGPT-4.0 Subject The topic of the resource Large Language models (LLMs), Natural Language processing (NLP), Renal colic, Imaging recommendations, Gemini, Copilot, ChatGPT-4.0 Description An account of the resource Abstract Background The field of natural language processing (NLP) has evolved significantly since its inception in the 1950s, with large language models (LLMs) now playing a crucial role in addressing medical challenges. Objectives This study evaluates the alignment of three prominent LLMs—Gemini, Copilot, and ChatGPT-4.0—with expert consensus on imaging recommendations for acute flank pain. Methods A total of 29 clinical vignettes representing different combinations of age, sex, pregnancy status, likelihood of stone disease, and alternative diagnoses were posed to the three LLMs (Gemini, Copilot, and ChatGPT-4.0) between March and April 2024. Responses were compared to the consensus recommendations of a multispecialty panel. The primary outcome was the rate of LLM responses matching the majority consensus. Secondary outcomes included alignment with consensus-rated perfect (9/9) or excellent (8/9) responses and agreement with any of the nine panel members. Results Gemini aligned with the majority consensus in 65.5% of cases, compared to 41.4% for both Copilot and ChatGPT-4.0. In scenarios rated as perfect or excellent by the consensus, Gemini showed 69.5% agreement, significantly higher than Copilot and ChatGPT-4.0, both at 43.4% (p=0.045 and <0.001, respectively). Overall, Gemini demonstrated an agreement rate of 82.7% with any of the nine reviewers, indicating superior capability in addressing complex medical inquiries. Conclusion Gemini consistently outperformed Copilot and ChatGPT-4.0 in aligning with expert consensus, suggesting its potential as a reliable tool in clinical decision-making. Further research is needed to enhance the reliability and accuracy of LLMs and to address the ethical and legal challenges associated with their integration into healthcare systems. Keywords Large Language models (LLMs), Natural Language processing (NLP), Renal colic, Imaging recommendations, Gemini, Copilot, ChatGPT-4.0 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Yavuz Yigit1,2, Asım Enes Ozbek3 , Betul Dogru3 , Serkan Gunay4 and Baha AlKahlout1,5* Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-025-00895-3 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2025 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Peri Irawan Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pdf Language A language of the resource english Type The nature or genre of the resource text Large Language models (LLMs), Natural Language processing (NLP), Renal colic, Imaging recommendations, Gemini, Copilot, ChatGPT-4.0