Escalating QoS by firefly optimization of CGSTEB routing
protocol with subordinate energy alert gateways
Dublin Core
Title
Escalating QoS by firefly optimization of CGSTEB routing
protocol with subordinate energy alert gateways
protocol with subordinate energy alert gateways
Subject
Clustering
Firefly optimization
General self-organized tree-based
energy balancing
Routing protocols
Subordinate energy alert gateways
Wireless sensor networks
Firefly optimization
General self-organized tree-based
energy balancing
Routing protocols
Subordinate energy alert gateways
Wireless sensor networks
Description
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) comprise large numbers of sensor nodes that
are highly constrained by limited battery power, making energy-efficient routing
essential for sustaining network lifetime and service quality. Among existing
solutions, the general self-organized tree-based energy balancing (GSTEB) protocol
with clustering has been widely adopted for energy-aware communication.
However, GSTEB and its clustered variant often suffer from energy imbalance,
high packet loss, and reduced quality of service (QoS) due to excessive load
on cluster heads (CHs). To address these challenges, this paper introduces an
enhanced routing framework that integrates firefly optimization with clustered
GSTEB (CGSTEB) and introduces subordinate energy alert gateways (SEAGs).
The firefly algorithm is applied to optimize CH selection through a fitness function
that balances residual energy and node proximity, ensuring efficient cluster
formation and adaptive load distribution. Meanwhile, SEAGs establish a twohop
communication model between CHs and the base station (BS), reducing CH
energy consumption and preventing premature node failures. Simulation experiments
conducted in NS2 demonstrate that the proposed firefly-CGSTEB with
SEAG significantly improves QoS metrics, including network lifetime, energy
utilization, throughput, and packet loss rate, compared with conventional CGSTEB.
These results confirm the effectiveness of combining metaheuristic optimization
with gateway-assisted routing for resilient and energy-efficient WSNs.
are highly constrained by limited battery power, making energy-efficient routing
essential for sustaining network lifetime and service quality. Among existing
solutions, the general self-organized tree-based energy balancing (GSTEB) protocol
with clustering has been widely adopted for energy-aware communication.
However, GSTEB and its clustered variant often suffer from energy imbalance,
high packet loss, and reduced quality of service (QoS) due to excessive load
on cluster heads (CHs). To address these challenges, this paper introduces an
enhanced routing framework that integrates firefly optimization with clustered
GSTEB (CGSTEB) and introduces subordinate energy alert gateways (SEAGs).
The firefly algorithm is applied to optimize CH selection through a fitness function
that balances residual energy and node proximity, ensuring efficient cluster
formation and adaptive load distribution. Meanwhile, SEAGs establish a twohop
communication model between CHs and the base station (BS), reducing CH
energy consumption and preventing premature node failures. Simulation experiments
conducted in NS2 demonstrate that the proposed firefly-CGSTEB with
SEAG significantly improves QoS metrics, including network lifetime, energy
utilization, throughput, and packet loss rate, compared with conventional CGSTEB.
These results confirm the effectiveness of combining metaheuristic optimization
with gateway-assisted routing for resilient and energy-efficient WSNs.
Creator
R. Madonna Arieth1, Ramya Govindaraj2, Subrata Chowdhury3, Thi Thu Nguyen4, Duc-Tan Tran5
Source
Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA
Date
Oct 19, 2025
Contributor
PERI IRAWAN
Format
PDF
Language
ENGLISH
Type
TEXT
Files
Collection
Citation
R. Madonna Arieth1, Ramya Govindaraj2, Subrata Chowdhury3, Thi Thu Nguyen4, Duc-Tan Tran5, “Escalating QoS by firefly optimization of CGSTEB routing
protocol with subordinate energy alert gateways,” Repository Horizon University Indonesia, accessed January 11, 2026, https://repository.horizon.ac.id/items/show/10380.
protocol with subordinate energy alert gateways,” Repository Horizon University Indonesia, accessed January 11, 2026, https://repository.horizon.ac.id/items/show/10380.