Barriers To Healthcare Access: Examining Travel Time, Waiting Times, And Service Costs in Indonesia Primary Health Care
Dublin Core
Title
Barriers To Healthcare Access: Examining Travel Time, Waiting Times, And Service Costs in Indonesia Primary Health Care
Subject
costs, healthcare access, primary care, travel time, waiting time
Description
Access to primary health care in Indonesia faces significant challenges, including long travel times, high
transportation costs, and poor quality of care due to a lack of health workers. These factors contribute to delays in
treatment and increase the risk of severe health outcomes. Additionally, out-of-pocket expenses not covered by the
national insurance program are major barriers, particularly for low-income families. To analyze the relationship
between travel time, waiting time, transportation costs, service fees and access to health services. A cross-sectional
study conducted in Banyumas district during May–June 2022 with 100 randomly selected adult respondents.
Data were collected using a validated structured questionnaire consisting of six sections covering demographics,
travel time, waiting time, transportation cost, service cost, and accessibility. Chi-Square test was used to examine
relationships between the independent variables (travel time, transportation cost, service cost, and waiting time)
and the dependent variable (healthcare accessibility). Travel time was significantly associated with access to health
services (p = 0.041), as was waiting time (p = 0.035). However, transportation costs (p = 0.405) and service fees
(p = 0.096) did not show a significant relationship. Improving transportation infrastructure and reducing waiting
times through more staff and better service processes are key to enhancing healthcare access. Although transport and service costs were not statistically significant, they are still important for inclusive policy planning
transportation costs, and poor quality of care due to a lack of health workers. These factors contribute to delays in
treatment and increase the risk of severe health outcomes. Additionally, out-of-pocket expenses not covered by the
national insurance program are major barriers, particularly for low-income families. To analyze the relationship
between travel time, waiting time, transportation costs, service fees and access to health services. A cross-sectional
study conducted in Banyumas district during May–June 2022 with 100 randomly selected adult respondents.
Data were collected using a validated structured questionnaire consisting of six sections covering demographics,
travel time, waiting time, transportation cost, service cost, and accessibility. Chi-Square test was used to examine
relationships between the independent variables (travel time, transportation cost, service cost, and waiting time)
and the dependent variable (healthcare accessibility). Travel time was significantly associated with access to health
services (p = 0.041), as was waiting time (p = 0.035). However, transportation costs (p = 0.405) and service fees
(p = 0.096) did not show a significant relationship. Improving transportation infrastructure and reducing waiting
times through more staff and better service processes are key to enhancing healthcare access. Although transport and service costs were not statistically significant, they are still important for inclusive policy planning
Creator
Dedy Purwito , Kris Linggardini, Arunnee Jaitieng
Source
https://doi.org/10.23917/bik.v18i2.9068
Publisher
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Date
2025
Contributor
Sri Wahyuni
Rights
p-ISSN: 1979-2697
e-ISSN: 2721-1797
e-ISSN: 2721-1797
Format
PDF
Language
English
Type
Text
Files
Collection
Citation
Dedy Purwito , Kris Linggardini, Arunnee Jaitieng, “Barriers To Healthcare Access: Examining Travel Time, Waiting Times, And Service Costs in Indonesia Primary Health Care,” Repository Horizon University Indonesia, accessed February 12, 2026, https://repository.horizon.ac.id/items/show/10806.