Development of a health coaching model to improve caregivers’ ability to care for patients with mental disorders

Development of a health coaching model to improve caregivers’ ability to care for patients with mental disorders

caregiver ability, family caregiver, health coaching, mental disorders

Introduction: The quality of care is often compromised by the high levels of stress, burden, and limited caregiving
capacity experienced by family members of individuals with mental disorders. These challenges encompass societal
stigma, emotional burden, financial difficulties, insufficient knowledge, inadequate support, interpersonal conflicts,

and increased risks of both physical and mental health problems. Such barriers highlight the crucial importance of self-
care in maintaining well-being and the caregiving ability. Few studies, however, have examined structured

interventions such as health coaching, particularly those integrating the Friedman Family Assessment Model and the
Theory of Planned Behavior. This study aimed to develop a health coaching model grounded in these theoretical
frameworks.
Methods: An explanatory cross-sectional design was employed, involving 155 caregivers purposively recruited from
seven primary health care centers in Makassar, Indonesia. Eligible participants were primary caregivers from nuclear or
extended families, aged ≥18, with complete contact information, available for home visits, and referred by the mental
health program coordinator. Study variables included family, caregiver, patient, nurse, and health care service factors,
as well as health coaching, planned behavior, behavioral intention, and caregiver ability. Data were collected between
February to June 2024 using structured questionnaires and analyzed with Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation
Modeling (SmartPLS v3.8).
Results: The family, patient, and nurse-related factors significantly affected health coaching. These factors, along with
caregiver characteristics, also affected planned behavior, which in turn significantly influenced behavioral intention and
caregiver ability.
Conclusions: Health coaching directly improved caregivers’ capability. These findings highlight the importance of
comprehensive health coaching and family-centered training as integral components of mental health services.

Andriani Andriani1,2* , Ah Yusuf3

,Rizki Fitryasari3

, Kusrini S. Kadar4,5

, Miftahul Jannah

Basrah5
, Karmila Sarih6

, Nurlaila Fitriani1

, Dian Sidik Arsyad7

, and Wirawan

Setialaksana8

http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jn.v20i3.72926

22 August 2025

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