Second victims among emergency medical
dispatchers in Germany: a cross-sectional
study (SeViD-VII)

Second victims among emergency medical
dispatchers in Germany: a cross-sectional
study (SeViD-VII)

Second victim, Emergency medical dispatchers, Emotional distress, Psychological distress, Patient safety,
Occupational health

Abstract
Background Emergency Medical Dispatchers (EMDs) play a critical role in coordinating emergency responses while
being remotely exposed to distressing incidents. The Second Victim Phenomenon (SVP) refers to emotional distress
experienced by healthcare professionals following adverse events; however, its prevalence and impact among EMDs
remain poorly understood. This study examines the prevalence, symptom burden, and support preferences related to
SVP among EMDs in Germany.
Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted using the validated SeViD-questionnaire, supplemented with

demographic items. The survey assessed SVP prevalence, symptom severity, and preferred support measures. A web-
based survey was distributed via professional networks. Descriptive statistics summarized sample characteristics and

binary logistic regression was used to identify predictors of SVP and symptom burden.
Results Among 407 respondents, 315 completed the questionnaire (completion rate: 78%). More than half (62.2%)
of participating EMDs identified as Second Victims, despite limited prior awareness of the phenomenon. Traumatic
events such as patient deaths or suicides and aggressive behavior were central triggers. SVP was linked to symptoms
including emotional strain and difficulties concentrating, with neuroticism associated with greater symptom load
(p=0.02). Binary logistic regression suggested that higher scores of the personality trait openness and professional
experience increase SVP risk (p<0.01). Although many affected EMDs refrained from seeking help, those who did
often relied on their friends and family for support. Immediate time off, structured debriefing, and professional
counseling emerged as the most valued support strategies.
Conclusions SVP is highly prevalent among EMDs, highlighting the need for targeted support strategies. Raising
awareness, integrating SVP education into dispatcher training, and establishing accessible psychological support
programs are essential to improve well-being and resilience in this professional group.
Keywords Second victim, Emergency medical dispatchers, Emotional distress, Psychological distress, Patient safety,
Occupational health

Victoria Klemm1,2*, Reinhard Strametz2

, Thomas Neusius2

, Matthias Raspe1

, Rafael Trautmann3

, Marc Gistrichovsky4
,

Rainer Petzina5

, Stefan Bushuven6,7 and Hartwig Marung5

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-025-01084-y

2026

peri irawan

pdf

english

text