Acute management of spontaneous
intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the
emergency department

Acute management of spontaneous
intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the
emergency department

Acute intracerebral hemorrhage, Blood pressure management, Anticoagulation reversal

Background Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a catastrophic form of stroke affecting more than 3.3
million individuals worldwide each year and accounting for approximately 10–20% of all strokes globally. Although
less common than acute ischemic stroke, ICH carries a disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality, with
30-day case fatality rates approaching 40–50%. Therapeutic advances for ICH have progressed more slowly than
for ischemic stroke, and management remains largely supportive. Patients frequently present to the emergency
department (ED) in critical condition, making early recognition and rapid, guideline-concordant intervention essential
to improving outcomes.
Review This narrative review summarizes the most recent American Heart Association/American Stroke Association
(AHA/ASA) guidelines for the acute management of spontaneous ICH, with emphasis on practical ED application.
Hypertension remains the most important modifiable risk factor, particularly in younger patients, while cerebral
amyloid angiopathy predominates in older adults. Additional risk factors include anticoagulant and antiplatelet
therapy, alcohol and illicit drug use, smoking, advanced age, and genetic predisposition. Primary brain injury results
from hematoma mass effect and elevated intracranial pressure, followed by secondary injury driven by edema,
inflammation, and oxidative stress. Because hematoma expansion commonly occurs within the first hours after
symptom onset and strongly predicts mortality, early ED management prioritizes rapid neuroimaging, controlled
blood pressure reduction, timely anticoagulation reversal, seizure management, metabolic and temperature control,
and prompt neurosurgical consultation when indicated. Emerging evidence supports bundled, time-sensitive care
pathways to reduce delays and optimize outcomes.
Conclusion Optimal ICH outcomes depend on rapid, structured, guideline-concordant ED care focused on limiting
hematoma expansion and secondary injury. Standardized workflows and bundled interventions represent effective
strategies for improving survival and functional outcomes while avoiding premature prognostication in the acute
phase.
Keywords Acute intracerebral hemorrhage, Blood pressure management, Anticoagulation reversal

Madeleine Puissant1 and Latha Ganti2*

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-026-01126-z

2026

peri irawan

pdf

english

text