Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 2 2019
Insights Into Emissions and Exposures From Use of Industrial-Scale Additive Manufacturing Machines (Original Article)
Dublin Core
Title
Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 2 2019
Insights Into Emissions and Exposures From Use of Industrial-Scale Additive Manufacturing Machines (Original Article)
Insights Into Emissions and Exposures From Use of Industrial-Scale Additive Manufacturing Machines (Original Article)
Subject
Additive manufacturing, Material extrusion, Material jetting, Ultrafine particles, Volatile organic compounds
Description
Background: Emerging reports suggest the potential for adverse health effects from exposure to emissions from some additive manufacturing (AM) processes. There is a paucity of real-world data on emissions from AM machines in industrial workplaces and personal exposures among AM operators.
Methods: Airborne particle and organic chemical emissions and personal exposures were characterized using real-time and time-integrated sampling techniques in four manufacturing facilities using industrial-scale material extrusion and material jetting AM processes.
Results: Using a condensation nuclei counter, number-based particle emission rates (ERs) (number/min) from material extrusion AM machines ranged from 4.1 1010 (Ultem filament) to 2.2 1011 [acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate filaments). For these same machines, total volatile organic compound ERs (mg/min) ranged from 1.9 104 (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate) to 9.4 104 (Ultem). For the material jetting machines, the number-based particle ER was higher when the lid was open (2.3 1010 number/min) than when the lid was closed (1.5e5.5 109 number/min); total volatile organic compound ERs were similar regardless of the lid position. Low levels of acetone, benzene, toluene, and m,p-xylene were common to both AM processes. Carbonyl compounds were detected; however, none
were specifically attributed to the AM processes. Personal exposures to metals (aluminum and iron) and eight volatile organic compounds were all below National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-recommended exposure levels.
Conclusion: Industrial-scale AM machines using thermoplastics and resins released particles and organic vapors into workplace air. More research is needed to understand factors influencing real-world industrial-scale AM process emissions and exposures.
Methods: Airborne particle and organic chemical emissions and personal exposures were characterized using real-time and time-integrated sampling techniques in four manufacturing facilities using industrial-scale material extrusion and material jetting AM processes.
Results: Using a condensation nuclei counter, number-based particle emission rates (ERs) (number/min) from material extrusion AM machines ranged from 4.1 1010 (Ultem filament) to 2.2 1011 [acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate filaments). For these same machines, total volatile organic compound ERs (mg/min) ranged from 1.9 104 (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate) to 9.4 104 (Ultem). For the material jetting machines, the number-based particle ER was higher when the lid was open (2.3 1010 number/min) than when the lid was closed (1.5e5.5 109 number/min); total volatile organic compound ERs were similar regardless of the lid position. Low levels of acetone, benzene, toluene, and m,p-xylene were common to both AM processes. Carbonyl compounds were detected; however, none
were specifically attributed to the AM processes. Personal exposures to metals (aluminum and iron) and eight volatile organic compounds were all below National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-recommended exposure levels.
Conclusion: Industrial-scale AM machines using thermoplastics and resins released particles and organic vapors into workplace air. More research is needed to understand factors influencing real-world industrial-scale AM process emissions and exposures.
Creator
A.B. Stefaniak, A.R. Johnson, S. du Preez, D.R. Hammond, J.R. Wells, J.E. Ham, R.F. LeBouf, S.B. Martin Jr., M.G. Duling, L.N. Bowers, A.K. Knepp, D.J. de Beer, J.L. du Plessis
Publisher
Elsevier Korea LLC
Date
June 2019
Contributor
Sri Wahyuni
Format
PDF
Language
English
Type
Text
Coverage
Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 2 2019
Files
Citation
A.B. Stefaniak, A.R. Johnson, S. du Preez, D.R. Hammond, J.R. Wells, J.E. Ham, R.F. LeBouf, S.B. Martin Jr., M.G. Duling, L.N. Bowers, A.K. Knepp, D.J. de Beer, J.L. du Plessis, “Safety and Health at Work Vol. 10 Issue 2 2019
Insights Into Emissions and Exposures From Use of Industrial-Scale Additive Manufacturing Machines (Original Article),” Repository Horizon University Indonesia, accessed September 20, 2024, https://repository.horizon.ac.id/items/show/1920.
Insights Into Emissions and Exposures From Use of Industrial-Scale Additive Manufacturing Machines (Original Article),” Repository Horizon University Indonesia, accessed September 20, 2024, https://repository.horizon.ac.id/items/show/1920.