Development of Korean Representative Headforms for the Total
Inward Leakage Testing on Filtering Facepiece Respirators
Dublin Core
Title
Development of Korean Representative Headforms for the Total
Inward Leakage Testing on Filtering Facepiece Respirators
Inward Leakage Testing on Filtering Facepiece Respirators
Subject
Filtering facepiece respirator (FFR)
Headform
Korean population
Total inward leakage (TIL)
Headform
Korean population
Total inward leakage (TIL)
Description
The lack of headforms that accurately reflect the head characteristics of Koreans and the
demographic composition of the Korean population can lead to inadequate FFR testing and reduced
effectiveness of FFRs.
Method: Direct measurements of 5,110 individuals and 3D measurements of 2,044 individuals, aged
between 9 and 69 years, were sampled from the data pool of Size Korea surveys based on the age and
gender ratios of the Korean resident demographics. Seven head dimensions were selected based on the
ISO 16976-2, availability of Size Korea measurements, and their relevance to the fit performance of FFRs.
A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using the direct measurements to extract the main
factors explaining the head characteristics and then the main factors were standardized and remapped to
3D measurements, creating five size categories representing Korean head shapes. Lastly, representative
3D headforms were constructed by averaging five head shapes for each size category.
Results: The study identified two main factors explaining Korean head characteristics by the PCA procedure specified in ISO 16976-2 and developed five representative headforms reflecting the anthropometric features of Korean heads: medium, small, large, short & wide, and long & narrow.
Conclusion: This study developed representative headforms tailored to the Korean population for conducting total inward leakage (TIL) tests on filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs). The representative
headforms can be used for TIL testing by employing robotic headforms to enhance the performance of
FFRs for the Korean target population
demographic composition of the Korean population can lead to inadequate FFR testing and reduced
effectiveness of FFRs.
Method: Direct measurements of 5,110 individuals and 3D measurements of 2,044 individuals, aged
between 9 and 69 years, were sampled from the data pool of Size Korea surveys based on the age and
gender ratios of the Korean resident demographics. Seven head dimensions were selected based on the
ISO 16976-2, availability of Size Korea measurements, and their relevance to the fit performance of FFRs.
A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using the direct measurements to extract the main
factors explaining the head characteristics and then the main factors were standardized and remapped to
3D measurements, creating five size categories representing Korean head shapes. Lastly, representative
3D headforms were constructed by averaging five head shapes for each size category.
Results: The study identified two main factors explaining Korean head characteristics by the PCA procedure specified in ISO 16976-2 and developed five representative headforms reflecting the anthropometric features of Korean heads: medium, small, large, short & wide, and long & narrow.
Conclusion: This study developed representative headforms tailored to the Korean population for conducting total inward leakage (TIL) tests on filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs). The representative
headforms can be used for TIL testing by employing robotic headforms to enhance the performance of
FFRs for the Korean target population
Creator
Ah Lam Lee 1
, Xin Cui 2
, Hayoung Jung 3
, Hee Eun Kim 1
, Eun Jin Jeon 2
, Hyungjin Na 4
,
Eunmi Kim 4
, Heecheon You 2
, Xin Cui 2
, Hayoung Jung 3
, Hee Eun Kim 1
, Eun Jin Jeon 2
, Hyungjin Na 4
,
Eunmi Kim 4
, Heecheon You 2
Source
https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/287282/1-s2.0-S2093791124X00025/1-s2.0-S2093791123000756/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjED0aCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIAbNdTqYV83oc0U8%2B9E8bqm7OHR65YYA5483ktmeS4U1AiEAiYHq9VtOS69yBHL1Gm%2BsfHFFnw7RtlSTecBqC07AerUqsgUIBhAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDJBxoomNuHeAsnopKSqPBTy53wg3Gup2rZibwSAQ6NSjoQOZ%2Bsz8NqOf4lJ7yQLWTrpVldKAnXYWwHWXHQmVe4UUVUnlJu8h%2FLuJnhHPbRK3Yms4rect7Ask%2Fal5TiOF8clB9ck7pj3eGiu1aJXHinKJchH6V3FnHg82RA42g2rVdLg3n32rX5OaUvTOKqhi8ObyXqCe4UUlys7znDnb5wHkvHMNPePanrwd3w2%2FocdgiVzgMC69C%2BV4DveJHhpkAcv3sgrAPrtkfosMw7AmXrwRmeBj0hzNAOiF7XxZ1gMan1I%2FRR83v48ErmfRM886lMPkgjyG4lAMinvu3OxKs1L3rGW7u7Ycn2Wge4gdAHwUaUSX48YvyIBzPoRdiToG0FimhjcrBRWwJcEp8dwBoWsRSG4uZA0lTypCOdm8Swp0WOOHyYSmJ9sOnJFyUOSJT9E9Mj%2BsTQJcvx%2Br%2Fz1tWUPfh3v6yuzSFRYNHf7Bj3e2%2B2fnb4J5qxethCgmLatyfq1wMxqxeFG2PQCQ%2BiPIWPg41J5v4XkO9s8U%2BtQSNxFlp0T3mTcwGg9w2h8vyN%2FabwH1OpyHqGojNXHubpN8SXhy7k1%2FRuwnOz48NLNF57OUoYsR95dLaeWZYZl4WbvSiBXnAZxMQLjuMj%2BTxIRpJt8GseUs2mS7mCr8ngDt4tREtvRpC7Ko%2FNJKIIVd8lmPEyoxou5mCqK9UYsLRPtiRwccAOiLDLgJMX52Gca6uZ4jVje7zcjI%2F6V4oPfOiffY73TsHXF25VxmfFvr60EVd3K1CE0NZst8aV2Mfivtv4g5TZFAPpeVLx0zeraEe6GAF6yfkUx2AK0S11YSOhmZlV2jT8n8VWhBsdWHqZCrzHVdsYVK1BHkZLI58ixsp1Qw7f%2F5zAY6sQEKp2T6e7HJjf50WXAYXVShWv5TuMdf3YPce37oj919KmnrH61YkF9j4boV7Mq3YErvlHiw%2BHc30lOuYeFLvKJhkHDsXoA17guSPxeEVscrwJHFCNfrKc1qQVlCRIXxkbMxpC1L56jRS84j6oYqru%2BjP0n%2FP%2BtKBdVsZju7UpM68HiRA2rySr7G%2FzwPDZfIlb4%2FLYVTsXVmSspxA2GT7J1urq3k4TwrjaNI7bRNPmhefyU%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20260225T055950Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY655G3T6Y%2F20260225%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=c6f9d71f3ab8865e86a8ad073353558c47e0de1bb15cb7860593a5b8cd6b1e52&hash=8da400054c6b4bebf24805b797e497f195034662c5b54a36d38493f037518926&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S2093791123000756&tid=spdf-9bc25add-3f1c-4449-a0c6-eb87e626d109&sid=323f66de8e4980408c0be7b-7fe7e7fe55f2gxrqb&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&rh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=0b015e065456070659&rr=9d34fa9b4d37ea76&cc=id
Publisher
1Department of Clothing & Textiles/Center for Beautiful Aging, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
2Department of Industrial & Management of Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
3 Biosciene Group, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
4 Medical Convergence Textile Center, Gyeongbuk Technopark, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
2Department of Industrial & Management of Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
3 Biosciene Group, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
4 Medical Convergence Textile Center, Gyeongbuk Technopark, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
Date
7 November 2023
Contributor
fajar bagus w
Format
PDF
Language
ENGLISH
Type
TEXT
Files
Citation
Ah Lam Lee 1
, Xin Cui 2
, Hayoung Jung 3
, Hee Eun Kim 1
, Eun Jin Jeon 2
, Hyungjin Na 4
,
Eunmi Kim 4
, Heecheon You 2, “Development of Korean Representative Headforms for the Total
Inward Leakage Testing on Filtering Facepiece Respirators,” Repository Horizon University Indonesia, accessed April 26, 2026, https://repository.horizon.ac.id/items/show/11656.
Inward Leakage Testing on Filtering Facepiece Respirators,” Repository Horizon University Indonesia, accessed April 26, 2026, https://repository.horizon.ac.id/items/show/11656.