Formulations of Job Strain and Psychological Distress: A Four-year
Longitudinal Study in Japan

Formulations of Job Strain and Psychological Distress: A Four-year
Longitudinal Study in Japan

Demand-control model
Job strain
Longitudinal study
Occupational stress
Psychological distress

Different job strain formulations based on the Job Demand-Control model have been
developed. This study evaluated longitudinal associations between job strain and psychological distress
and whether associations were influenced by six formulations of job strain, including quadrant (original
and simplified), subtraction, quotient, logarithm quotient, and quartile based on quotient, in randomly
selected Japanese workers.
Methods: Data were from waves I and II of the Survey of Midlife in Japan (MIDJA), with a 4-year followup period. The study sample consisted of 412 participants working at baseline and had complete data on
variables of interest. Associations between job strain at baseline and psychological distress at follow-up
were assessed via multivariable linear regression, and results were expressed as b coefficients and 95%
confidence intervals including R2 and Akaike information criterion (AIC) evaluation.
Results: Crude models revealed that job strain formulations explained 6.93e10.30% of variance. The AIC
ranged from 1475.87 to 1489.12. After accounting for sociodemographic and behavioral factors and
psychological distress at baseline, fully-adjusted models indicated significant associations between all
job strain formulations at baseline and psychological distress at follow-up: original quadrant (b: 1.16, 95%
CI: 0.12, 2.21), simplified quadrant (b: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.18, 1.85), subtraction (b: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.70),
quotient (b: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.67), logarithm quotient (b: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.72), and quartile based on
quotient (b: 1.22, 95% CI: 0.36, 2.08).
Conclusion: Six job strain formulations showed robust predictive power regarding psychological distress
over 4 years among Japanese workers

Mayumi Saiki 1
, Timothy A. Matthews 2,3
, Norito Kawakami 4
, Wendie Robbins 1,2
,
Jian Li 1,

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School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
2Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
3Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, College of Health & Human Development, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, United
States
4Department of Digital Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
5Department of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

11 January 2024

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